Rare-earth elements in the circular economy: The case of yttrium

Favot, Marinella; Massarutto, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.002

Cited by 63 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In unfavourable market conditions, policy action might be required to incentivize recycling and ensure minimisation of negative environmental impacts or critical material depletion associated to inadequate end of life treatment of EVs batteries. Similar proposals have been made to enhance a circular flow of yttrium recovered from electronic waste 53 and could be expanded to EV batteries.…”

Section: Insert Figurementioning

confidence: 93%

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

et al. 2020

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The wide adoption of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) will require increased natural resources for the automotive industry. The expected rapid increase in batteries could result in new resource challenges and supply chain risks. To strengthen the resilience and sustainability of automotive supply chains and reduce primary resource requirements, circular economy strategies are needed. Here we illustrate how these strategies can reduce primary raw material extraction i.e. cobalt supplies. Material flow analysis is applied to understand current and future flows of cobalt embedded in EVs batteries across the European Union. A reference scenario is presented and compared with four strategies: technology driven substitution and technology driven reduction of cobalt, new business models to stimulate battery reuse/recycling and policy driven strategy to increase recycling. We find that new technologies provide the most promising strategies to reduce the reliance on cobalt significantly but could result in burden shifting such as an increase in nickel demand. To avoid the latter, technological developments should therefore be combined with an efficient recycling system. We conclude that more ambitious circular economy strategies, at both government and business levels, are urgently needed to address current and future resource challenges across the supply chain successfully.

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Section: Insert Figurementioning

confidence: 93%

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

et al. 2020

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“…However, the scale of such feeding is to be much smaller than in the linear economy model. The transition from a linear to a circular economy model is often considered the definition of the concept of "circular economy" (Zhaoa et al, 2012;Favot & Massarutto, 2019). In the case of circular economy we distinguish between the biological cycle and technical cycle.…”

Section: Overview Of Circular Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, in 2017, more than 11% of the EU-wide raw material mass were reused (Eurostat, 2020). At the same time, Favot and Massarutto (2019) pointed to the relatively small share of rare earths elements recycled worldwide (less than 1%). Technical difficulties and the costs of such processes, often exceeding the market prices of these elements, were identified as the cause.…”

Section: The Impact Of Circular Economy On Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy – Challenges for Mining and Power Generation as Exemplified by Poland

Kozioł

2020

New Trends in Production Engineering

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The publication analyses and evaluates the impact of the implementation of circular economy on the economy and especially on its mining and power generation sector in Poland. Circular economy is a relatively new concept concerning an innovative economic development model. The publication briefly describes the concept of circular economy. Among other things, the basic economic processes that make up circular economy are discussed. In addition, history is presented as well as examples of legislation that have had the strongest impact on the implementation of circular economy in the EU are identified. Further on in the paper, the impact that circular economy will have on the mining and power generation industry in Poland is discussed. Areas have been identified that will need the most attention in relation to the implementation of circular economy. It was pointed out that in the mining and power generation sector the scale of use of current and landfill waste should be increased as a priority. Attention has been paid to the necessary reduction of water demand and rational water and sewage management. Examples of use of mining gas and ventilation air have been discussed. The publication provides examples of a number of measures taken in accordance with circular economy. It was pointed out that there is still a need to popularize the existing ones and to look for new technical and organizational solutions conducive to the introduction of this new economic model. An important aspect of the impact of the circular economy on these sectors will be the decrease in energy demand resulting from the widespread implementation of the new economic model. For those already struggling with a number of problems of some of the mining and power generation sectors based on coal mining and combustion in Poland, the implementation of circular economy will pose another challenge.

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“…Without REEs, there would be no mobile phones, lasers, electric cars and many other electronic devices. Therefore REEs should be recovered, purified and reused in electronics [5]. Lanthanide ions can be removed from acidic solutions by the solvent extraction process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption Behaviors of Light Lanthanides(III) (La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III)) and Cr(III) Using Nitrolite

Wójcik

2020

Materials

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The sorption of light lanthanides(III) (La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III)) and chromium(III) ions from acidic solutions on Nitrolite was studied at varying ions concentrations, pH, contact time and temperatures. The sorption capacity of lanthanides(III) and chromium(III) ions were examined in the ranges 2–9 and 2–5, respectively. The adsorption capacities of all metals are increase with the increasing pH (up to initial pH 9), despite the potential precipitation of metals at higher pH values. Therefore, an initial pH 9 of lanthanides gives the highest adsorption capacities. The kinetics of sorption chromium(III) and light lanthanides(III) were investigated. The experimental data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order forms, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models. The sorption kinetics of investigated ions was described by pseudo-second-order model the best. The results indicate the endothermic process of Cr(III), La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III) and Nd(III) ions sorption. The sorption capacities of La(III) 4.77 mg/g, Ce(III) 4.45 mg/g, Pr(III) 4.30 mg/g, Nd(III) 4.13 mg/g and Cr(III) 2.39 mg/g were calculated from the Langmiur model, which describes adsorption better than Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich.

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Rare-earth elements in the circular economy: The case of yttrium

Cited by 63 publications

References 40 publications

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Circular Economy – Challenges for Mining and Power Generation as Exemplified by Poland

Sorption Behaviors of Light Lanthanides(III) (La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III)) and Cr(III) Using Nitrolite

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