Rare Earth Elements supply vs. clean energy technologies: new problems to be solve

Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Zhao, Yiqing; Zhang, Cong; Wei, Yixin

doi:10.1515/gospo-2016-0039

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…[4] Their dependence on these elements, in particular europium, terbium, and yttrium, is subject to potential cost and supply risks, as well as environmental issues. [5] To address these issues, developing new types of low-cost, energy-efficient, solution-processable, and REE-free alternative phosphors is of significant importance and much needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Iodide Based Hybrid Phosphors for Energy‐Efficient General Lighting Technologies

Liu

2018

Adv Funct Materials

222

200

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Solid-state-lighting (SSL) technology is a new lighting technology that is rapidly replacing conventional lighting sources because it is much more energy efficient, longer lasting, and contributes significantly to the environmental protection. A main branch of SSL technology are light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and white-light LEDs (WLEDs) are of the greatest demand for general lighting and illumination applications. Current WLED devices rely heavily on rare-earth elements (REEs), which will likely suffer from cost and supply risks and environmental consequences in the near future. Crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid materials based on I-VII binary semiconductors represent a promising material class as REE-free phosphor alternatives. This article provides an brief overview of recent advancement on this material family, with a focus on the rational design, energy efficient and This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 2 low cost synthesis, systematic modification and optimization of their electronic, optical and thermal properties. A particular emphasis will be made on our own progress over the past several years in developing four classes of CuI(L) structures with substantially improved performance as energy-saving lighting phosphors. General strategies for structural design, synthesis and property optimization of these materials will also be discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copper Iodide Based Hybrid Phosphors for Energy‐Efficient General Lighting Technologies

Liu

2018

Adv Funct Materials

222

200

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“…Since the 1960s, rare earth applications gradually have expanded to everyday life, such as television screens, the petroleum industry, and computer systems; therefore, the global REE production and consumption have seen a significant increase in the following decades ( Figure 1). REE are now widely used in auto-and fluid catalysts, metallurgy, medical systems, high technology, clean energy, and military defense systems, and they are especially indispensable in emerging clean technologies, such as wind power turbines, electric vehicles, energy-efficient lighting, and catalytic converters [2,3]. The total value of worldwide products containing REE is at least $1.5-2 trillion US dollars (US$), which comprised nearly 5% of the global total gross national product in 2009 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

2017

Self Cite

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Rare earth elements (REE) are widely used in high technologies, medical devices, and military defense systems, and are especially indispensable in emerging clean energy. Along with the growing market of green energy in the next decades, global demand for REE will increase continuously, which will put great pressure on the current REE supply chain. The global REE production is currently mainly concentrated in China and Australia; they respectively contributed 85% and 10% in 2016. However, there are 178 deposits widely distributed in the world, and reported REE resources as of 2017 totaled 478 megaton (Mt) rare earth oxides (REO); 58% of these deposits contained exceed 0.1 Mt REO; 59 deposits have been technically assessed. These resources could sustain the global REE production at the current pace for more than a hundred years. It is noted that REE demand from clean technologies will reach 51.9 thousand metric tons (kt) REO in 2030, Nd and Dy, respectively, comprising 75% and 9%, while these two elements comprise 15% and 0.52% of the global REE resources, respectively. This indicates that Nd and Dy will strongly influence the development of exploring new REE projects and clean technologies in the next decades.

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“…It's widely accepted that REs play an important role in clean energy, but there are more problems that remain unsolved. The importance of REs to clean energy was illustrated and the main problems regarding REs, such as substitution, recycling, and environmental problems, have been pointed out [85]. Furthermore, by comparing the reserved RE resources, which was reported as 478 megatons (Mts) of RE oxides (REO), with REs demand from clean technologies, which was estimated as 51,900 metric tons (kt) of RE oxides in 2030, Zhou [86] proposed that Nd and Dy would strongly influence the development of exploring new REs projects and clean technologies in the next decades.…”

Section: Research About the Relationship With Clean Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

Chen

Zheng

2019

Sustainability

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Rare earths (REs) play an important role in modern life, and have been the focus of global attention in recent years. As a result, the number of scientific publications has grown enormously, increasing the need for understanding the knowledge base of various research streams and their emerging branches. The economic analysis of REs has also augmented steadily. Nevertheless, the relevant literature is rather fragmented concerning the thematic topics. To respond to this, a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and a bibliometric analysis were developed to offer a systematic and holistic literature review of the economic research on REs. This review incorporates studies of REs regarding aspects of supply, price, export policy, international trade, relationship with clean energy, and sustainability. The database of this review includes a set of 85 systemically selected state-of-the-art articles from five databases, including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, Proquest, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) that were published after the rare earth crisis, covering empirical and theory research conducted in different countries with different resource endowments. The results show that the majority of the economic research studies have been conducted in the past six years. Furthermore, among the six categories, the most popular research trend is sustainability. Some possible opportunities for future research are also illustrated in this paper.

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Rare Earth Elements supply vs. clean energy technologies: new problems to be solve

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Copper Iodide Based Hybrid Phosphors for Energy‐Efficient General Lighting Technologies

Copper Iodide Based Hybrid Phosphors for Energy‐Efficient General Lighting Technologies

Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies

What Happens after the Rare Earth Crisis: A Systematic Literature Review

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