Rare earth elements, uranium, and thorium in ashes from biomass and hard coal combustion/co-combustion

Pierwiastki śladowe w pozostałościach z termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych, osadów ściekowych i odpadów niebezpiecznych

“…In addition, the development of existing technologies and the creation of new alternatives to enable environmentally-friendly raw material acquisition are equally important. The changes taking place mean that the source of metals may become mineral waste, arising in the mining and processing industry of coal and ores, metallurgical and chemical such as phosphogypsum, metallurgical slags, mine tailings, red mud (Binnemans et al 2015;Meshram et al 2019), or energy burning solid fuels (santos et al 2022;Całus-Moszko and Białecka 2013;Adamczyk et al 2023). These industries annually produce various types of waste which are either landfilled or recovered in construction, road building or reclamation.…”