Rare-Earth Ion-Doped Zinc Oxide as a Viable Photoanode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Optoelectrical and Wettability Aspects

Abstract

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Advanced NH3 Detection by 1D Nanostructured La:ZnO Sensors with Novel Intrinsic p–n Shifting and Ultrahigh Baseline Stability

“…With Scherrer formulation D = K λ β .25em cos nobreak0em0.25em⁡ θ ε = β 4 .25em tan nobreak0em0.25em⁡ θ where β is the full-width at half-maximum (fwhm) and K = 0.941 is a shape factor, the films’ crystallite size and lattice strain based on the most intense peak were estimated as D = 39 nm and ε = 3.2 × 10 –3 for ZOL0 and D = 36 nm and ε = 3.3 × 10 –3 for ZOL3. The literature documented a comparable reduction in the crystallite size of ZnO thin films with La doping and directly associated this reduction with crystal lattice distortion caused by the relatively large ionic radius of lanthanum cations compared to zinc cations. − The texture coefficient along the most intense diffraction (TC 002 ) was estimated using eq normalT normalC 002 = I 002 I 002 0 true[ 1 n ∑ i n I h i k i l i I h i k i l i 0 true] − 1 where n is the number of considered diffractions, I is the experimentally measured intensity of each diffraction, and I 0 is the standard relative intensity reported in the relevant database. Texture degree often ranges from 0 to 1; a value closer to 0 indicates a more random distribution of crystallographic orientations, while a value closer to 1 indicates a good alignment of the crystal lattice along a particular direction.…”