Rare Earth Recycling: Forecast of Recoverable Nd from Shredder Scrap and Influence of Recycling Rates on Price Volatility

Bandara, H. M. Dhammika; Mantell, Mark A.; Darcy, Julia W.; Emmert, Marion H.

doi:10.1007/s40831-015-0019-3

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Due to the uncertainty in the supply of virgin REEs, the possibilities of recovering and reusing them from spent products are presently being investigated [2,[4][5][6]. Some products are rich in materials containing significant amounts of REEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Heavy Rare-Earth Elements from Light Rare-Earth Elements Via Solvent Extraction from a Neodymium Magnet Leachate and the Effects of Diluents

Gergorić

Ekberg

Steenari

et al. 2017

J. Sustain. Metall.

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In recent decades, rare-earth elements (REEs) have seen a considerable increase in usage in modern technologies and the so-called green energy sources. The REEs are currently regarded to be among the most critical elements by the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). Large investments are made in the research of recycling of the REEs from end-of-life products and E-scrap. One potential source for recycling of larger amounts of neodymium and dysprosium are end-of-life neodymium magnets. In this work, the selective extraction of REEs from a sulfuric media leachate (containing Nd, Dy, Pr, Gd, Co, and B) obtained by selective roasting of NdFeB waste and leaching was investigated. The extracting agent D2EHPA (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid) diluted in Solvent 70, hexane, octane, cyclohexanone, chloroform, 1-octanol, and toluene was used for the investigation of the effects of using different diluents on the extraction of REEs and the separation between the light and the heavy REEs. The concentrations of D2EHPA in the used diluents were 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 M. The highest separation factors between the heavy and the light REEs were achieved using 0.3 M D2EHPA in hexane, while no B or Co extraction was measurable. The REEs were completely extracted as a group using 0.9 M or 1.2 M D2EHPA in either octane or hexane, also with no B or Co extraction. The aliphatic nonpolar diluents showed better properties than the aromatic and polar ones. The complete stripping of REEs from the loaded organic phases was proven to be efficient using hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 2 M or higher.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Heavy Rare-Earth Elements from Light Rare-Earth Elements Via Solvent Extraction from a Neodymium Magnet Leachate and the Effects of Diluents

Gergorić

Ekberg

Steenari

et al. 2017

J. Sustain. Metall.

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“…Despite this assertion, as recently as 2011, less than 1% of RE-containing materials were being recycled (21). These low recycling rates stem from a combination of sporadic collection procedures and lack of efficient separations and preprocessing steps (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).To contribute to incentivizing the "urban mining" of REcontaining materials, we recently initiated efforts toward new, simplified methods in RE separations (28). Our initial work focused on the separation of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), two key components of neomagnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accomplishing simple, solubility-based separations of rare earth elements with complexes bearing size-sensitive molecular apertures

Bogart

Cole

Boreen

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rare earth (RE) metals are critical components of electronic materials and permanent magnets. Recycling of consumer materials is a promising new source of rare REs. To incentivize recycling, there is a clear need for the development of simple methods for targeted separations of mixtures of RE metal salts. Metal complexes of a tripodal hydroxylaminato ligand, TriNOx 3-, featured a size-sensitive aperture formed of its three η 2 -(N,O) ligand arms. Exposure of cations in the aperture induced a self-associative equilibrium comprising RE(TriNOx)THF and [RE(TriNOx)] 2 species. Differences in the equilibrium constants K dimer for early and late metals enabled simple separations through leaching. Separations were performed on RE1/RE2 mixtures, where RE1 = La-Sm and RE2 = Gd-Lu, with emphasis on Eu/Y separations for potential applications in the recycling of phosphor waste from compact fluorescent light bulbs. Using the leaching method, separations factors approaching 2,000 were obtained for early-late RE combinations. Following solvent optimization, >95% pure samples of Eu were obtained with a 67% recovery for the technologically relevant Eu/Y separation. (11)(12)(13)(14). Limitations associated with their beneficiation and separations, especially their solvent-, waste-, and energy intensities, have contributed to the concentration of suppliers in the People's Republic of China. Supply risks for these elements have emerged, particularly in the face of current and growing demand in the next 20 y (15, 16). Because the global marketplace for these elements is dominated by a single source (17), prices for primary rare earth (RE) materials are volatile (18). As a result, the US Department of Energy has classified many of these elements as "critical" (19). There is a clear need to find potential new supplies of these elements.Recent life cycle assessments have indicated that recycling of consumer materials is a promising alternative to conventional production processes (20). Despite this assertion, as recently as 2011, less than 1% of RE-containing materials were being recycled (21). These low recycling rates stem from a combination of sporadic collection procedures and lack of efficient separations and preprocessing steps (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).To contribute to incentivizing the "urban mining" of REcontaining materials, we recently initiated efforts toward new, simplified methods in RE separations (28). Our initial work focused on the separation of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), two key components of neomagnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B). We disclosed the development of the tripodal nitroxide ligand, [((2-t BuNO)C 6 H 4 CH 2 ) 3 N] 3− (TriNOx 3-), which induced a selfassociation equilibrium between monomeric Nd(TriNOx)THF/ dimeric [Nd(TriNOx)] 2 species. The position of this equilibrium was found to be strongly dependent on the size of the RE cation. We showed proof of concept that differences in the self-association equilibrium constants between Nd and Dy could be exploited to achieve 95% pure materials through a simple leachi...

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“…A comparison among recycling methods is proposed by some authors [47], in which the final result defines the role of recycling policies that aim to incentivize battery collection and emissions reductions ( Table 2). [48] x [49] x [50] x [51] x [52] x [53] x [54] x [55] x [18] x [42] x [56] x [57] x [21] x [58] x [50] x [59] x [60] x [61] x [62] x [63] x [64] x [65] x [66] x [67] x [68] x [69] x [70] x [71] x [72] x [73] x [42] x [74] x [75] x [76] x [77] x [78] x [79] x [80] x [46] x [81] x [82] x [13] x…”

Section: Ev Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After EV batteries, EV magnets are the second element discussed in literature. Several works present innovative ways to recover Rare Earth Elements (REEs) from obsolete magnets, either coming from mixed sources [75] or specific waste streams (including magnets from HEVs) [76][77][78]. Other works quantify present and future amounts of recovered REEs from specific HEV components [79].…”

Section: Ev Magnet Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

D’Adamo

Rosa

2019

Sustainability

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The use of electricity for transportation needs offers the chance to replace fossil fuels with greener energy sources. Potentially, coupling sustainable transports with Renewable Energies (RE) could reduce significantly both Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the dependency on oil imports. However, the expected growth rate of Electric Vehicles (EVs) could become also a potential risk for the environment if recycling processes will continue to function in the current way. To this aim, the paper reviews the international literature on obsolete EV management practices, by considering scientific works published from 2000 up to 2019. Results show that the experts have paid great attention to this topic, given both the critical and valuable materials embedded in EVs and their main components (especially traction batteries), by offering interesting potential profits, and identifying the most promising End-of-Life (EoL) strategy for recycling both in technological and environmental terms. However, the economics of EV recycling systems have not yet been well quantified. The intent of this work is to enhance the current literature gaps and to propose future research streams.

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Rare Earth Recycling: Forecast of Recoverable Nd from Shredder Scrap and Influence of Recycling Rates on Price Volatility

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Separation of Heavy Rare-Earth Elements from Light Rare-Earth Elements Via Solvent Extraction from a Neodymium Magnet Leachate and the Effects of Diluents

Separation of Heavy Rare-Earth Elements from Light Rare-Earth Elements Via Solvent Extraction from a Neodymium Magnet Leachate and the Effects of Diluents

Accomplishing simple, solubility-based separations of rare earth elements with complexes bearing size-sensitive molecular apertures

A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices

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