Rare Recombinant GI.5[P4] Norovirus That Caused a Large Foodborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Hotel in Spain in 2021

Alarcón-Linares, María Ester; Moreno-Docón, Antonio; Pérez-Serna, Lorena; Camacho, Juan Gérvas; Rodríguez, D. Sánchez; Gutiérrez-Martín, María Luisa; Broncano-Lavado, Antonio; Echevarria, Juan-Emilio; Cabrerizo, María; Fernandez-Garcia, Maria Dolores

doi:10.1128/spectrum.04857-22

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Recently, a study on AGE outbreaks in closed or semi-closed institutions in Catalonia, Spain, between 2017 and 2018, showed that GI.4 (35.7%) and GI.3 (14.3%) were the main genotypes among GI noroviruses [71]. More recently, another study in Spain, has reported the detection of the rare recombinant genotype GI.5[P4], also detected in our study, as the cause of a large foodborne outbreak of AGE occurred in a hotel in 2021 [72].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Sarmento,

de Andrade,

Malta

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Norovirus stands out as a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting all age groups. In the present study, we investigated fecal samples from medically attended AGE patients received from nine Brazilian states, from 2019 to 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic period. Norovirus GI and GII were detected and quantified using RT-qPCR, and norovirus-positive samples underwent genotyping through sequencing the ORF1/2 junction region. During the four-year period, norovirus prevalence was 37.2%, varying from 20.1% in 2020 to 55.4% in 2021. GII genotypes dominated, being detected in 92.9% of samples. GII-infected patients had significantly higher viral concentrations compared to GI-infected patients (median of 3.8 × 107 GC/g and 6.7 × 105 GC/g, respectively); and patients aged >12–24 months showed a higher median viral load (8 × 107 GC/g) compared to other age groups. Norovirus sequencing revealed 20 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 partial regions. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was the dominant genotype (57.3%), especially in 2019 and 2021, followed by GII.2[P16] (14.8%) and GII.6[P7] (6.3%). The intergenogroup recombinant genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], was detected in five samples. Our study is the first to explore norovirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in Brazil during COVID-19, and contributes to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of norovirus and highlighting the importance of continuing to follow norovirus surveillance programs in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Sarmento,

de Andrade,

Malta

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…It was first detected in India in 2016, and there are now a total of 32 partial or complete GI.P4-GI.5 sequences available in GenBank. This norovirus genotype, GI.P4-GI.5, caused a peak in outbreaks in the first 6 months of 2021, might be considered as a rarely reported norovirus genotype according to previous studies [ 3 , 12 , 25 ]. However, we believe that the prevalence of GI.P4-GI.5 might have been underestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Recombination of human noroviruses is frequently observed and is thought to be an important mechanism by which genetic diversity is generated. A previous study showed that GI.P4-GI.5 was identified as an intergenotype recombinant of GI.P4-GI.4 and GI.P5-GI.5 [ 25 ]. It was first detected in India in 2016, and there are now a total of 32 partial or complete GI.P4-GI.5 sequences available in GenBank.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus Variants from Outbreaks in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2021

Sun,

Yuan,

Mao

et al. 2024

Advances in Virology

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Background. Noroviruses are the most frequent cause of epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis in China. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks and the molecular genetic features of norovirus in Zhejiang Province during 2021. Methods. First, the local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the outbreak area conducted on-site epidemiologic investigations and collected samples from ill patients for initial testing. The general epidemiologic characteristics of the demographic information are presented through descriptive analysis. Positive samples were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention for further verification. The presence of norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII), along with sapovirus, was detected. Subsequently, the specimens positive for norovirus were sequenced for genotyping purposes. Furthermore, the whole genomes of positive samples were sequenced, enabling the characterization of both nucleotide and amino acid differences within the virus. Finally, phylogenetic trees were constructed to further analyze and understand the genetic relationships among the detected viruses. Result. 227 norovirus outbreaks were reported in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2021. Schools were the main setting while January was the peak month for outbreaks. A total of 17 diverse genotypes of norovirus were identified in 2021, and GII.P16-GII.2 was the most frequent genotype (30.19%). Seven genomes (five GI.P4-GI.5 and two GII.P16-GII.2) were obtained. Although GI.P4-GI.5 is considered to be a rare genotype of norovirus, the prevalence might have been underestimated. Capsid microvariation of GII.2 displayed histo-blood group antigen binding patterns compared to the GII.2 prototype, although VP1 sequences were considered to have a minimal impact on antigenicity. Conclusion. This study revealed the diversity of norovirus strains’ genotypes circulating in Zhejiang Province in 2021. Continued molecular surveillance of noroviruses should be strengthened in our further efforts to the development of vaccines.

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Genetic recombination and genotype diversity of norovirus GI in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2015-2021

Khamrin,

Kumthip,

Yodmeeklin

et al. 2024

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Rare Recombinant GI.5[P4] Norovirus That Caused a Large Foodborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Hotel in Spain in 2021

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019–2022

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Norovirus Variants from Outbreaks in Zhejiang Province, China, during 2021

Genetic recombination and genotype diversity of norovirus GI in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2015-2021

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