“…22 Although cigarette smoking is the most significant risk factor, only a fraction of smokers develop COPD, so genetic associations should also be considered when assessing potential risk factors. Qiu et al 23 found that rare variants (Glu116Lys) in mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAP2K7) in southern and eastern Chinese were associated with elevated risk of COPD. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression was also shown to be modified in COPD.…”