“…Prior knowledge and skills have been found to have a substantial impact on the quality of learning and student accomplishment (Ridwan et al, 2016;Ibrahim et al, 2014); thus, students who are academically equipped in terms of prior knowledge and skills should be able to succeed in the embedded system design course. In recent years, various research studies have focused on prior knowledge and its impact on learning readiness and performance (Ridwan et al, 2016;Shuell, 2016;Dilnot et al, 2017;Rickels, 2017). The constructivist approach to learning, which has been prominent in recent decades, is intimately linked to interest in the influence of prior knowledge.…”