Rate of humidifier and humidifier disinfectant usage in Korean children: A nationwide epidemiologic study

Yoon, Jisun; Cho, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Eun; Choi, Yean Jung; Kim, Young‐Ho; Lee, Jung Lym; Lee, Ye-Jin; Hong, Soo‐Jong

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.030

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…19,20) Third, Koreans continue to experience inhalation hazards from humidifier disinfectants. 21) A previous study indicated that approximately 30% of Korean children were exposed to a humidifier disinfectant from 1994 to 2011, and these products withdrawn from the market in 2011. 22) Inhalation of a humidifier disinfectant typically leads to inflammation and fibrosis of the entire lungs, and a previous study indicated a relationship between humidifier disinfectant usage and asthma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten-Year trends and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population, 2008–2017

2020

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Background: Major questions remain regarding the agestratified trends of allergic diseases and asthma in Korea.Purpose: To identify the estimated recent prevalence and 10- year trends in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population from 2008 to 2017.Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional survey (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) over 10 years (2008–2017) examined representative samples of the Korean population (n=85,006) including 2,131 infants, 4,352 preschool children, 12,919 school-age children, 44,200 adults, and 21,404 elderly adults.Results: In the 2016 to 2017 population, the estimated prevalence of asthma was 0.9% in infants, 2.3% in preschool children, 4.1% in school-age children, 2.3% in adults, and 4.1% in the elderly. The estimated prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 9.0%, 20.2%, 27.6%, 17.1%, and 6.9%, respectively. The estimated prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 5.9%, 11.3%, 14.6%, 3.9%, and 1.6%, respectively. Ten-year trends revealed a significant decrease in asthma prevalence in infants, preschool children, and the elderly. and in atopic dermatitis prevalence in infants and preschool children (<i>P</i><0.05 for all trends). Furthermore, 10-year trends demonstrated a significant increase in allergic rhinitis prevalence in school-age children, adults, and the elderly, and in atopic dermatitis prevalence in school-age children and the elderly (<i>P</i><0.05 for all trends).Conclusion: These results improve our understanding of the age-stratified epidemiology of allergic diseases in Korea and suggest the need for the development of tailored and precise strategies to prevent allergic diseases in different age groups.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten-Year trends and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population, 2008–2017

2020

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“…Market surveys have shown that a mixture of CMIT, MIT, oligo(2-)ethoxy ethoxyethyl guanidine chloride (PGH), benzalkonium chloride, and PHMG has been used as a humidifier disinfectant in Korea ( 20 , 21 ), although all such products are no longer commercially available. However, several of these products still have general uses in personal care products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixture Toxicity of Methylisothiazolinone and Propylene Glycol at a Maximum Concentration for Personal Care Products

2018

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Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) has been used in combination with methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT) for cosmetic products such as shampoo, body lotion, and skin care products. The mixture of CMIT/MIT has been found to cause allergic contact dermatitis and is thus no longer permitted for use as a preservative in leave-on cosmetics. However, MIT itself was approved as a stand-alone preservative at a maximum concentration of 100 ppm as the toxicity was derived from CMIT rather than MIT. However, in many countries, allergic skin irritation caused by MIT remains a social concern. In this study, skin irritation was assessed for the presence of MIT, propylene glycol, and their mixture using a 3D human skin model EpiDerm™. Although non-diluted MIT causes serious skin toxicity, skin irritation was not observed at a concentration of 100 ppm, the maximum permissible level for cosmetics and personal care products according to European regulations. Propylene glycol, the most widely used vehicle for MIT, did not cause skin irritation in the 3D skin model. The results are expected to provide information for regulatory policies and guidelines on the use of biocides in consumer products.

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“…A study conducted among Korean children born in 2008 showed that 75.6% of the study population had used a humidifier and 31.1% of the children had been exposed to HDs until the age of 7 years. 4) In another cross-sectional study, 37.2% of the adults from the general population had used a humidifier and 18.1% had been exposed to HDs. 5) Although the majority of the population had been exposed to HDs, only a small proportion of the exposed population was diagnosed with HD-associated ILDs (HD-ILDs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The past, present, and future of humidifier disinfectant-associated interstitial lung diseases in children

Lee

Hong

2020

Clin Exp Pediatr

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Exposure to environmental factors can cause interstitial lung diseases (ILDs); however, such types of ILDs are rare. From 2007 to 2011, an ILD epidemic occurred in South Korea owing to inhalational exposure to toxic chemicals in humidifier disinfectants (HDs). HD-associated ILDs (HD-ILDs) are characterized by rapidly progressing respiratory failure with pulmonary fibrosis and a high mortality rate of 43.8%−58.0%. Although 18.1%−31.1% of the general population used HDs, only a small proportion of HD users were diagnosed with HD-ILDs. This finding suggests that investigation of the pathophysiologies underlying HD-ILDs is needed in addition to the identification of susceptibility to HD-ILDs. Further, there have been several concerns regarding the diverse health effects of exposure to toxic chemicals in HDs, including those that have not been identified, and long-term prognoses in terms of pulmonary function and residual pulmonary lesions observed on follow-up chest images. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, pathologic findings, and changes in radiologic findings over time in patients with HD-ILDs and the results of previous experimental research on the mechanisms underlying the effects of toxic chemicals in HDs. Studies are currently underway to identify the pathophysiologies of HD-ILDs and possible health effects of exposure to HDs along with the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. The experience of identification of HD-ILDs has encouraged stricter control of safe chemicals in everyday life.

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Rate of humidifier and humidifier disinfectant usage in Korean children: A nationwide epidemiologic study

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Ten-Year trends and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population, 2008–2017

Ten-Year trends and prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population, 2008–2017

Mixture Toxicity of Methylisothiazolinone and Propylene Glycol at a Maximum Concentration for Personal Care Products

The past, present, and future of humidifier disinfectant-associated interstitial lung diseases in children

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