Rate of Passage of Corn-Canola Meal and Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler and White Leghorn Chickens

Shires, A.; Thompson, James R.; Turner, B. V.; Kennedy, P. M.; Goh, Y. K.

doi:10.3382/ps.0660289

Cited by 103 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…However, at 38 days, DTT was lower in birds fed the HFD (p < 0.001), which is consistent with the findings of Shires et al (1987). Warpechowski (1996) observed a significantly lower DTT when feeding adult cockerels with a diet containing 8.3% higher NDF levels as Table 2 -Relative digestive tract weight (DTW) of 21-and 42-d-old and digesta transit time (DTT) of 19-and 38-old slowgrowing and fast-growing broilers divided into three groups (SG, FGAL, FGPF) and fed diets with two fiber levels.…”

Section: Digestive Tract Weight and Digesta Transit Timesupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Shires et al (1987) found lower feed passage rates in older birds, and suggested that the exposure of the diet for a longer period to microbial fermentation in the caeca may increase DF digestibility. On the other hand, Siregar & Farrel (1980) observed that ME values were not influenced by broiler age, whereas Bartov (1988) reported ME decrease with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This selection promoted changes in digestive form shape and functions that may have reduced the utilization of low-digestibility diets (Shires et al, 1987). On the other hand, low-performance genetic strains were not submitted to the same selection pressure; these birds are usually reared under alternative poultry production systems, and may be better adapted to lower quality diets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of dietary fiber, genetic strain and age on the digestive metabolism of broiler chickens

Krás

Kessler

Ribeiro

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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In this study, 360 male broilers, out of which 240 of a fast-growing strain (Cobb500), and 120 of a slow-growing strain (Label Rouge), were used to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber on digesta transit time and digestive metabolism during the period of 1 to 42 days of age. A completely randomized experimental design with a 3x2 factorial arrangement was applied, consisting of three groups of birds (slow-growing -SG; fast-growing fed ad libitum -FGAL; and fast-growing pair-fed with SG broilers -FGPF) and two iso-protein diets (a 3100 kcal ME/kg low-fiber diet -LFD-and a 2800 kcal ME/ kg high-fiber diet -HFD-with 14% wheat bran and 4% oat hulls). HFD-fed birds presented lower ME retention (p < 0.001) and lower dry matter metabolizability (DMM) (p < 0.001), which is possibly related to the shorter digesta transit time observed in these birds (p < 0.001). DMM was reduced with age, whereas metabolizable energy remained almost constant (p < 0.001) independently of strain. This may be related to the increase in feed intake as birds age. The slowgrowing strain did not present better utilization of the high-fiber diet as compared to the fast-growing strain in none of the analyzed ages, even though showing a significant better use of fiber and dietary energy from 31 days of age.

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Section: Digestive Tract Weight and Digesta Transit Timesupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of dietary fiber, genetic strain and age on the digestive metabolism of broiler chickens

Krás

Kessler

Ribeiro

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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“…The comparison for which the most information is available is between broilers and layers , the latter being a group of strains selected for egg production as adults. The following similarities and differences emerge: (1) like broiler chicks, layer chicks are three times larger than jungle fowl chicks upon hatching; (2) like jungle fowl, layers have much lower growth rates than broilers Visser 1991); (3) like jungle fowl, layers have relatively smaller pectoral muscles than broilers (Aberle et al 1979); and (4) like jungle fowl, layers have relatively lighter and shorter intestines than broilers (Shires et al 1987;Nir et al 1993).…”

Section: Comparisons Among Domestic Chicken Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Have other investments had to be correspondingly reduced because of limitations on the total budget? Many published studies have compared organ sizes, especially gut sizes, of domestic chicken strains differing in growth rate (e.g., Cherry et al 1987;Shires et al 1987;Siegel and Dunnington 1987;Katanbaf et al 1988;Mitchell andSmith 1991, Nir et al 1993). The conclusions have been apparently contradictory, partly because of the use of different methods in different studies to express relative organ masses, and partly because comparisons of different pairs of strains differing in growth rate (e.g., broilers with or without a dwarf gene, broilers selected for high or low growth rate, and broilers vs. layers) have yielded apparently different conclusions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Metabolic and Digestive Responses to Artificial Selection in Chickens

Jackson

Diamond

1996

Evolution

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Abstract,-Compared to ancestral wild jungle fowl, domestic broiler chickens have been consciously selected for large body size, relatively large pectoral muscles, rapid growth, and high feed efficiency. Hence intraspecific comparisons of these two strains could help identify consequences of unconscious artificial selection, trade-offs in energy allocation, and factors limiting energy budgets. We therefore compared our measurements of many corresponding parameters in both strains: growth rate, energy intake, digestive efficiency, metabolic rate and its components, organ masses, and intestinal brush-border nutrient transporter and hydrolase activities and capacities, as functions of age and body mass in zero-to nine-week-old chicks.Both strains prove to have the same digestive efficiency, Compared to equal-sized jungle fowl, broilers have higher daily energy intake and activity costs, Broilers have relatively longer and wider, hence heavier, small intestines, and their other gut compartments are also relatively larger. Offsetting these increases, broilers have relatively smaller brains and leg bones, these being much less important to a captive bird than to a wild bird exposed to predators. Broilers have generally lower intestinal transporter activities, but relatively higher transporter capacities because of their larger guts.Among domestic chicken strains, comparison of broilers with layers, the former having been consciously selected for much higher growth rates, yields generally similar conclusions. Thus, as recognized in broad outline by Darwin, domestication provides clear examples of conscious selection, of unconscious selection for traits prerequisite to the consciously selected traits, and of unconscious selection against traits rendered less important or competing for space or energy.Key words.-Conscious selection, domestication, energy budget, growth rate, intestinal transporters, metabolic rate, organ mass, unconscious selection.Received September 27, 1994, Accepted August 22, 1995 Changes of wild populations under domestication illustrate so well the effects of selection that Darwin (1859) devoted the first chapter of his book The Origin of Species to the subject. Many subsequent comparisons of animal domesticates with their wild ancestors have discussed effects of artificial selection on anatomical traits and behavior. In the present manuscript we instead discuss effects on the physiology of growth, metabolism, energy budgets, and digestion. As is well known, these processes differ widely among taxa (Kleiber 1965;Heusner 1985). Artificial selection provides us with an opportunity to identify physiological factors immediately responsible for variation in energy budgets, without the inevitable confounding effects of phylogeny. It may prove easier to identify those physiological factors by comparing fast-and slow-growing strains of the same wild ancestral species, expected to differ in only a modest number of respects, than by comparing more distantly related taxa. For example, such intraspecific compar...

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Hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides by commercial preparations of α‐galactosidase and β‐fruetofuranosidase: Potential for use as dietary additives

Slominski

1994

J Sci Food Agric

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In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted with six commercial enzyme preparations (SP249, Energex, Rohament CW, Novozyme 230 and crude agalactosidase) to determine their effectiveness in hydrolysing galactooligosaccharides from soya bean and canola meal in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. The use of the enzyme invertase to enhance galactoside hydrolysis was also studied. A wide range of a-galactosidase activity was observed in vitro, with crude a-galactosidase from Mortierella vinacea and Novozyme 230 preparation showing the highest activity values of 4.3 and 1.5 nkat mg-I, respectively. All preparations with the exception of crude a-galactosidase showed invertase activity which is known to convert raflinose and stachyose to the corresponding diand trisaccharide, melibiose and manninotriose. Although the activity of invertase was highest on sucrose, the Novozyme 230 preparation showed activity values of 4.2 and 2.3 nkat mg-' toward raffnose and stachyose substrates, respectively. De novo synthesis of raffinose was observed when soya bean meal, canola meal or pure sucrose and galactose were incubated with certain enzyme preparations (ie Energex). In general, preparations possessing hydrolytic activity towards galactooligosaccharides showed very little synthesis of raffnose while preparations capable of generating raffnose were very weak in the hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides. The best result in terms of galactooligosaccharide in vitro hydrolysis of canola and soya bean meal was obtained with a combination of a-galactosidase and invertase. In the in viuo study with caecectomised hens, hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides averaged 88% when crude a-galactosidase (2 g kg-') and invertase (1 g kg-') were added to laying hen diet containing 200 g soya bean meal per kilogram. A problem identified in the current study was that minerals such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate common in poultry diets inhibit the hydrolysis activity of a-galactosidase, indicating that high levels of activity would be required to yield a response in practical poultry feeding.Key words : galactooligosaccharides, a-galactosidase, invertase, soya bean meal, canola meal, poultry. INTRODUCTIONpresent as carbohydrate reserves in many plant tissues, particularly seeds. Ramnose, stachyose and verbascose The a-D-galactosides of sucrose (galactosyl-sucrose oliare the galactooligosaccharides most commonly found gosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides) which are in feedstuffs with relatively high levels in leguminous formed by the successive binding of a-galactose units to seeds (50-60 g kg-dry matter (DM)), moderate levels the glucose moiety of sucrose through 1-6 linkages are in rapeseed (20-30 g kg-' DM) and low levels in cereal

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Rate of Passage of Corn-Canola Meal and Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler and White Leghorn Chickens

Cited by 103 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of dietary fiber, genetic strain and age on the digestive metabolism of broiler chickens

Effect of dietary fiber, genetic strain and age on the digestive metabolism of broiler chickens

Metabolic and Digestive Responses to Artificial Selection in Chickens

Hydrolysis of galactooligosaccharides by commercial preparations of α‐galactosidase and β‐fruetofuranosidase: Potential for use as dietary additives

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