Rate of ventricular enlargement in multiple sclerosis: a nine-year magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study

Abstract

We found uniform ventricular enlargement progression during four decades of disease span, suggesting unchanging total brain atrophy progression over time.

Increased glutamate and deep brain atrophy can predict the severity of multiple sclerosis

“…Value of 3VW planimetry in the assessment of brain atrophy has been historically proven 12,21,22 and verified by recent studies 23,[41][42][43] . The highly significant difference between RRMS and CON in our work confirms their findings.…”

“…Many previous studies confirmed the value of 3VW morphometry in assessment of subcortical DGM volume loss and its impact on clinical course of MS (ref. 1,[21][22][23] ).…”

Measures of Ventricles and Evans' Index: From Neonate to Adolescent

“…The assessment of ventricular size is generally obtained from subjective evaluation without determining the normative standards and the effect of brain volume changes during childhood. It is also used in other pathologies such as multiple sclerosis where patients have significantly larger ventricular sizes than healthy controls and show an increase in size with the progression of the disease [10]. …”

Can serial MRI after first demyelinating event detect early reduction in brain volume in patients who progress to clinically definite MS compared to those who do not?: the application of linear and two-dimensional measures of cerebral atrophy in an Australian cohort of individuals presenting with clinically isolated syndrome

“…The minimum distance between the heads of the caudate nuclei on axial MRI images is the intercaudate distance (ICD). (102,104,107,115) A similar measure, the bicaudate ratio, is the ICD divided by the brain width at the same level. (105,110,112,116,117) As for third ventricular ratio, bicaudate ratio is considered a marker of subcortical atrophy.…”

“…(100) To date, there are no longitudinal studies on CIS subjects using this technique.Two-dimensional methods of atrophy measurementFrontal horn widthInitially investigated in patients with dementia, the greatest transverse width of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles is considered a surrogate marker for frontal brain volume reduction (101). In patients with MS, absolute frontal horn width (FHW) has been measured on T2 (102), T1 axial(103)(104)(105), and T1 post-contrast (106) axial acquisitions.Frontal horn dimensions have been expressed as a ratio of skull diameter, rather than as an absolute measurement. Martola et al expressed bifrontal ratio, by dividing FHW by transverse skull width at the same line along which FHW was assessed (103,105).…”