Rate-Pressure Product is a Novel Predictor for Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Primary PCI/Immediate Invasive Strategy

Abstract

Background Rate-pressure product (RPP) calculated by multiplying heart rate by systolic blood pressure, is a convenient indicator closely associated with cardiac work or myocardial oxygen consumption. It has been reported to relate strongly to important indices of cardiovascular risk in patients with myocardial ischemia. However, its relationship with short- and long-term mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing primary PCI/immediate invasive strategy has not been defined. Methods This study analyzed 1301 consecutive ACS patients who had undergone primary PCI, between January 2018 and September 2021. Patients with systolic BP < 90 mmHg were excluded to avoid the confounding effect of cardiogenic shock. RPP values were collected on admission and were divided into four groups: RPP ≤ 7.4, 7.4 ≤ 8.8, 8.8 <8.8 < RPP8, and RPP > 10.8. Clinical endpoints were in-hospital cardiac and long-term all-cause mortality. The predictive performance was assessed by C-statistic, multivariate analysis and survival analysis. Results Multivariate analysis showed that these in the highest vs lowest category of RPP (>10.8 vs ≤7.4) had OR of 4.33 (95% CI=1.10 −17.01; P = 0.036) in in-hospital cardiac mortality and 3.15 (95% CI=1.24 −8.00; P = 0.016) in long-term all-cause mortality. In C-statistic analyses, RPP was a strong predictor in ACS, STEMI or UA/NSTEMI group for in-hospital cardiac mortality (AUC = 0.746, 95% CI = 0.722–0.770, p < 0.001) and long-term all-cause mortality (AUC = 0.701, 95% CI = 0.675–0.725, p < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier event rate for long-term survival of RPP > 10.8 was significantly lower than that of RPP ≤ 10.8. Conclusion RPP showed a positive association with in-hospital cardiac or long-term all-cause mortality in ACS patients undergoing primary PCI/immediate invasive strategy, and RPP > 10.8 can be as an independent predictor.