“…The use of item developer alignments can assist auditors in determining if test forms were created as intended; whereas, the use of independent teacher panels can provide evidence that the alignments are generalizable. However, there are complexities for alignment, among which are the following: (a) standards can be interpreted in different ways and are written at different grain sizes across states, (b) rater consensus is difficult and time consuming to achieve so decision rules are often adopted regarding the proportion of agreement within a panel needed to consider the item aligned, and (c) the greater the number of alignments to be made, the lower the agreement statistics will be (Davis‐Becker & Buckendahl, 2013; Fina, 2020; Webb et al., 2007).…”