Rates of energy consumption and acquisition by lecithotrophic larvae of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Jaeckle, William

doi:10.1007/bf00354313

Cited by 37 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The experimental treatments used were FSW, UV-irradi ated seawater (UVSW), UVSW enriched with 1 �M each of alanine, aspartic acid, glucose and glycine (Mixture), and UVSW enriched with 1 �M of Palmitic acid. Alanine, aspartic acid, glucose, glycine and PA were selected for DOM enrichment based on previous studies that found each of these compounds to be read ily transported by various animals (e.g., Stephens and Schinske 1961;Stephens 1962;Shick 1975;Ferguson 1980b;Manahan et al 1982;Manahan 1983;Jaeckle and Manahan 1989;Jaeckle 1994Jaeckle , 1995. The concen trations utilized were based on concentrations natu rally occurring in surface water (Benner 2003).…”

Section: Performance Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 300 larvae were then transferred to each experimental treatment in the smallest volume possible (always <1 ml of seawater). As PA has a rela tively low solubility in water, it was necessary to Wrst dissolve it in ethanol (Jaeckle 1994) and an ethanol control condition consisting of UVSW enriched with 0.01% ethanol was used. To address any potential adverse or beneWcial eVects of the ethanol, compari sons between that experimental condition and the UVSW experimental condition were performed.…”

Section: Performance Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Jaeckle and Manahan (1989) found larvae of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens could trans port basic, neutral, and acidic amino acids, and that this transport could potentially account for 70 and 39% of the metabolic needs of 2-and 3-day-old larvae, respec tively. More recently, it has been demonstrated for lar vae of the bryozoan B. neritina that the rate of uptake of palmitic acid (PA) was suYcient to account for 21-72% of the total energetic requirements (Jaeckle 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, potential ben eWts have been estimated by comparing metabolic expenditure and the amount of energy gained through rates of DOM uptake (e.g., Jaeckle and Manahan 1989;Shilling and Manahan 1994;Jaeckle 1994;Ben-DavidZaslow and Benayahu 2000). A more direct assessment of the energetic and ecological beneWts of DOM trans port could be achieved through performance compari sons of individuals in the presence and absence of DOM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reared in DOM-depleted seawater showed no diVerences in behavior, appearance of the epidermis, and biochemistry and size of body parts, compared to individuals reared in DOM enriched sea water, despite having previously shown this species to take up DOM (Ferguson 1967(Ferguson , 1980b Using the bryozoan B. neritina as a model system, we sought to determine the realized energetic beneWt of DOM uptake by comparing the performance of larvae swimming in the presence and absence of DOM. B. neritina is ideal for this type of study because: (1) the larvae are non-feeding; the only energy available is that provided by the maternal zooid or what can be gained through DOM uptake, (2) the organism has a short larval swimming duration; larvae are competent to metamorphose within 1 h after release, but initiation can be delayed through the use of bright light (Wendt 1996) or curtailed with excess KCl (Wendt and Woolla cott 1995), (3) an extended larval swimming period causes a signiWcant reduction in the ability to initiate and complete metamorphosis, smaller sized individuals after metamorphosis, and decreased postmetamorphic growth and reproduction (Wendt 1996(Wendt , 1998, (4) pre vious work has demonstrated the energetic require ments for larval swimming and metamorphosis; following a 20 h swimming duration, larvae utilize 7 and 28% of their energy reserves for swimming and metamorphosis, respectively (Wendt 2000), and (5) the larvae take up DOM (Jaeckle 1994). A necessary ini tial step in conducting these performance comparisons was to reduce naturally occurring DOM in seawater, which was accomplished by ultraviolet (UV) irradia tion (Beattie et al 1961;Armstrong et al 1966;Arm strong and Tibbitts 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Availability of dissolved organic matter offsets metabolic costs of a protracted larval period for Bugula neritina (Bryozoa)

Johnson

Wendt

2006

Mar Biol

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For nearly a century researchers have inves tigated the uptake and utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by marine invertebrates, but its contribu tion to their growth, reproduction, and survival remains unclear. Here, the beneWt of DOM uptake was assessed for the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina (Linnaeus 1758) through performance comparisons of individuals in the presence and absence of DOM. The experiments were performed using B. neritina collected from Xoating docks in Beaufort, NC, USA from July to September 2004. Seawater was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation to reduce naturally occurring DOM, and then enriched with either 1 �M of palmitic acid or a mixture containing 1 �M each of glucose, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine. Larvae in DOM-enriched and DOM-reduced treat ments were sampled and induced to metamorphose fol lowing 1, 6, 12, and 24 h of continuous swimming at 25°C. Sampled larvae were assessed for initiation of metamorphosis, completion of metamorphosis, and ancestrular lophophore size to determine the extent to which energy acquired from DOM uptake could oVset the metabolic costs of prolonged larval swimming. DOM treatment had no signiWcant eVect on initiation of metamorphosis, but did have a signiWcant eVect on comple tion of metamorphosis and lophophore size. Larvae swimming in DOM-enriched treatments for 24 h experi enced a 20% increase in metamorphic completion rate, compared to larvae swimming for 24 h in the DOMreduced treatment. In addition, larvae in the amino acid and sugar mixture for 24 h had a signiWcantly larger lophophore surface area and volume (23 and 31%, respectively), compared to larvae in DOM-depleted sea water. To ensure that the increases in performance found in larvae with access to DOM were not due to a decrease in metabolic activity, the respiration rates for these larvae were compared to those of larvae in DOMdepleted seawater. There were no signiWcant diVerences between these treatments, indicating that the increases in performance were due to the energy acquired from DOM. These results clearly show that for B. neritina, DOM uptake results in increased metamorphic success and in the size of the feeding apparatus following an extended larval swimming duration.

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