Ratings of helper roles by multicultural psychologists and Asian American students: Initial support for the three-dimensional model of multicultural counseling.

Abstract

We thank Joyce Fujimaki, Heidi Kwok, and Aimee Truong for their assistance in collecting and entering data and Rebecca Zwick for her assistance with data analysis. Financial support for this project was provided by the

Client Adherence to Asian Cultural Values, Common Factors in Counseling, and Session Outcome With Asian American Clients at a University Counseling Center

“…The results showed that Asian Americans favor a logical, rational, directive, and culturally attentive counseling style over a reflective, affective, nondirective, and less culturally attentive one (Atkinson, Maruyama, & Matsui, 1978;Gim, Atkinson, & Kim, 1991), especially if the counselor is described as an Asian American (Atkinson & Matsushita, 1991). The results also suggested that Asian Americans prefer counselors who use the consultant helping role when the presenting problem has an external etiology (e.g., racism) and the role of the facilitator of indigenous support systems when the problem has an internal etiology (e.g., depression; Atkinson, Kim, & Caldwell, 1998). Although these studies provide useful information, an important limitation is the possible lack of external validity of the results as related to the actual client population because the participants were not actual clients seeking services at a counseling agency.…”

Experiential Activities and Multicultural Counseling Competence Training

“…For example, a counselor working with a recent immigrant to the United States (low acculturation) who is currently in the midst of a housing discrimination conflict (external etiology of the problem and the need for remediation as the goal of counseling) would assume the role of an advocate for the client. In a survey of psychologists and Asian American college students, Atkinson, Kim, and Caldwell (1998) found support for validity of the three-dimensional model.…”

Counselor–Advocate–Scholar Model: Changing the Dominant Discourse in Counseling

“…Ever since the creation of the counseling profession, there has been ongoing debate over the professional counselor's role. Initially, this debate centered on conventional roles counselors perform in education settings: personal counseling, career counseling, consultation, assessment and research, program development, and psychotherapy (Atkinson, Kim, & Caldwell, ). There are those who argue that counselors should play a more conventional role in providing individual counseling (Canfield, ).…”