Rational design of nanomedicine for photothermal‐chemodynamic bimodal cancer therapy

Abstract

Given the diversity, complexity, and heterogeneity of persistent tumors, traditional nanoscale monotherapeutic systems suffer from dissatisfactory curative efficiency with incidence of metastasis or relapse. In parallel, the trend of clinical research on the basis of nanomedicines has increasingly shifted from monotherapy toward combinatorial therapy for admirable synergetic performances. In this regard, cutting‐edge nanomedicines harnessing photothermal‐chemodynamic bimodal therapy (PTT/CDT) have opened up a highly‐efficient and relatively‐safe cancer theranostic paradigm. Still, the integration of PTT/CDT functional units into one nanomedicine remains a herculean but meaningful task to achieve notable super‐additive effects. This review aims to elucidate underlying synergistic interactions of PTT/CDT and highlight intriguing designs of nanomedicines for PTT/CDT including nanomaterial selection, performance optimization, multimodal therapy, visualization strategies, and targeting strategies. Furthermore, an outlook on further improvements of PTT/CDT is provided, emphasizing significant scientific issues that require remediation for clinical translation. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

An erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nanoplatform for enhanced chemo-photothermal therapy of breast cancer

“…12 In addition, MoS 2 has excellent photothermal properties, 9,13 which makes it great for employment in the field of photothermal therapy. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] However, MoS 2 nanosheets are unstable and prone to aggregation in physiological environments. 21 Therefore, surface modification is needed to improve their stability and dispersion.…”

“…12 In addition, MoS 2 has excellent photothermal properties, 9,13 which makes it great for employment in the field of photothermal therapy. 14–20…”

Nanocatalyst‐Mediated Chemodynamic Tumor Therapy

“…[29,30] Inspired by the process, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton or Fenton-like reaction in vivo to destroy malignant cells, has become a novel antitumor modality. [31][32][33] Moreover, the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is able to boost the Fenton reaction against tumor cells. [25,34] However, the acute toxicity of free metal ions remains the major challenge for in vivo antitumor applications.…”

Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy: Strategies and Applications

“…Under the external energy sources, the nanomaterials located at the targeted tissues can produce heat and the inside-out heating direction remarkably decreases undesirable damage to normal tissues, and moreover, the nanomaterial-mediated hyperthermia therapy holds great promise for spatiotemporally controllable disease treatments [ 1 , 2 , 7 ]. Additionally, especially for cancer treatments, PTT based on nanotechnology has been combined with other therapeutic modalities including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), gene therapy, immunotherapy, and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) to achieve synergistic treatments [ 8 – 10 ], which has been considered as a robust strategy for improving therapeutic efficacies. In the past decades, researchers have found a large number of nanomaterials possessing photothermal conversion capacity, which can be categorized into two groups—inorganic PTAs and organic PTAs.…”