Wearable and implantable bioelectronics
have received a great deal
of interest since the need for personalized healthcare systems has
arisen. Bioelectronics are designed to detect biological signals and
apply medical treatments, thereby enabling patients to monitor and
manage their health conditions. However, current bioelectronics lack
long-term stability, biocompatibility, and functionality after implantation
into the human body. In particular, the intrinsically different natures
of the devices and human tissue result in low device–tissue
compatibility. The obstacles for this can be defined as (1) physical,
(2) biological, and (3) interfacial. The mechanical mismatch between
rigid device materials and soft tissue results in physical incompatibility,
which causes user discomfort and scar tissue formation. In addition,
devices can show poor biocompatibility since the device materials
are recognized as foreign bodies by the immune system. Accordingly,
the applied devices can be toxic and/or induce an undesirable immune
response and inflammation. Last, tissue environments are moist, irregular,
and dynamic, which causes poor interfacial compatibility between the
device and the human body. Herein, we describe various recent strategies
to overcome limitations in the physical, biological, and interfacial
compatibility of bioelectronics for long-term functionality in vivo.
Moreover, in the last part of the review, we mention current limitations
and future perspectives of bioelectronics for commercialization.