Rational selection of bioactive principles for wound healing applications: Growth factors and antioxidants

Abstract

Wound healing is a complex process of communication between growth factors, reactive species of oxygen, cells, signalling pathways, and cytokines in the extracellular matrix, in which growth factors are the key regulators. In humans, the main regulators of the cellular responses in wound healing are five growth factors, namely EGF, bFGF, VEGF, and TGF‐β1. On the other hand, antioxidants such as astaxanthin, beta‐carotene, epigallocatechin gallate, delphinidin, and curcumin have been demonstrated to stimulate cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, and control inflammation, to suggest a practical approach to design new strategies to treat non‐healing cutaneous conditions. Based on the individual effects of growth factors and antioxidants, it may be envisioned that the use of both types of bioactives in wound healing formulations may have an additive or synergistic effect on the healing potential. This review addresses the effect of growth factors and antioxidants on wound healing‐related processes. Furthermore, a prospective on their potential additive or synergistic effect on wound healing formulations, based on their individual effects, is presented. This may serve as a guide for the development of a new generation of wound healing formulations.

Epigallocatechin Gallate: The Emerging Wound Healing Potential of Multifunctional Biomaterials for Future Precision Medicine Treatment Strategies

“…There are two types of cutaneous antioxidants: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Enzymatic antioxidants are endogenic molecules that are originated from the mechanism of oxidative cells, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase [26], whereas non-enzymatic antioxidants are equally endogenic and exogenic, and are commonly attained from phytoconstituents classified under polyphenols and carotenoids [26,27]. Polyphenols and carotenoids are widely used in wound healing management for their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties [28,29].…”

“…Furthermore, polyphenols and carotenoids' ability to sustain inflammatory signalling have shed light on new chronic wound healing therapies. Both polyphenols and carotenoids have also been proven to play a vital part in wound healing phases including inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling [27]. Illustrates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, impact, and its eradication therapy.…”

“…In the inflammation phase, inflammatory immune cells of mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophagemediated free radicals, cytokines, and growth factors are produced. Meanwhile, the elevation of micro vascularity transports immune cells, oxygen, and nutrients to the wound site as macrophages yield PDGF, fibroblast growth factors, TGF-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor, with EGCG continuously suppressing the PDGF receptor [27].…”

“…Inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription [12,27,30] Inhibit (NF-κB) protein factors [12,30] Inhibit IL-8 production [50] Inhibit LPS-induced inflammation [51,52] Block Notch signaling [51] Antioxidant Inhibit nitric oxide formation [19] Inhibit ROS enzymes [53] Activation of SOD [54] Anti-scarring Inhibit TGF-β receptor [27] lymers 2021, 13, 3656 8 of 16…”

Nanofiber-mediated sequential photothermal antibacteria and macrophage polarization for healing MRSA-infected diabetic wounds

“…However, the remaining proinflammatory M1 Mφs are believed to destroy skin integrity and function [ 36 – 38 ]. Curcumin (Cur), a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric, is a well-known wound-healing agent with proven anti-inflammatory effects [ 39 – 43 ]. Cur has also been reported to have the ability to polarize Mφ from the M1 to M2 phenotype, making it a potential therapeutic agent for healing diabetic wounds [ 44 – 46 ].…”