“…In recent years, oxides of various metals such as Fe, Cu, Ni, Bi, W, and Ti have garnered significant attention for electrode modification [ [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] ]. Furthermore, the fusion of polymers and carbonaceous nanomaterials, for example carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) and graphene, with metal oxides is pushing the frontier of metal oxide research by enhancing their electronic properties [ [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] ]. Several review articles have been published concerning electrochemical sensors for detecting OPPs [ [70] , [71] , [72] ].…”