Rationale and current evidence of aquatic exercise therapy in venous disease: A narrative review

Abstract

Chronic venous disorders (CVD) of the lower limbs can be treated with different strategies. Typically, conservative management is based on compression therapy, anticoagulants and venoactive drugs. Endovenous treatments remain the gold standard to treat saphenous insufficiency, with sclerotherapy and surgery maintaining a role in selected cases. In addition, several ‘unconventional’ approaches have been proposed to prevent CVD progression and complications, minimize symptoms and improve the quality of life and postoperative outcomes. Among these, balneotherapy and aquatic exercises are proving as valid and effective supporting treatments, as mentioned in a growing number of scientific publications. Moreover, aquatic protocols have been studied for both venous and lymphatic insufficiency. For these reasons, they were mentioned in the last CVD guidelines provided by the European Society for Vascular Surgery. The aim of this narrative review is to overview and summarize current literature evidences on the role and effectiveness of aquatic rehabilitative protocols in CVD, reviewing old and current literature. Furthermore, the physical basis of the effects of water immersion on lower limb venous and tissues modifications are also described.

Physiotherapy in Chronic Venous Disease

“…Aquatic exercises bear several advantages in comparison to dry-land activities [53]. Firstly, the hydrostatic pressure of water executes pressure similar to CT. Hydrostatic pressure at 0.5 m below surface level is equivalent to 0.05 bar and 37.5 mm Hg, i.e.…”

Chronic venous ulcers with different approaches for treatment

“… Antibiotics and antiseptics: have been established for clinical infection treatment in VLU [17] .  Physical therapy: by calf muscle pump activation by certain ankle joint exercises [18] .  Wound debridement: should come following wound cleaning [19] .…”