Rationale and Design of Sympathetic Mapping/Ablation of Renal Nerves Trial (SMART) for the Treatment of Hypertension: a Prospective, Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized and Sham Procedure-Controlled Study

Efficacy and safety of sympathetic mapping and ablation of renal nerves for the treatment of hypertension (SMART): 6-month follow-up of a randomised, controlled trial

“…Detail design of the SMART study has been reported previously 31 and is shown in Fig. 1 ; brief descriptions are as below.…”

“…Therapeutic substitutions of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition drugs were replaced by irbesartan. 31 …”

“…Standard operation procedure has been applied to msRDN. 31 The procedure was performed under deep sedation. Renal artery angiography was performed before the renal mapping/selective RDN procedure; the length of renal main artery was measured to determine the number of sites to be stimulated and possibly ablated; and per the predefined standard protocol, these sites span the length of the artery and rotate 90° at every 5 mm interval.…”

Percutaneous renal denervation in the management of hypertension: Chinese expert scientific statement

“…These catheters represent a diverse range of technologies aimed at achieving RDN, providing clinicians with various options to tailor treatment according to individual patient needs and preferences. In China, the RDN ablation catheters that either have completed or are undergoing clinical trial (listed in order of study initiation) include SyMapCath ® /SymPioneer ® Renal Sympathetic Nerve Mapping and Ablation System from SyMap Medical (Suzhou) Technology Co. Ltd [24] ., Netrod ® Multi-electrode mesh basket-like Renal Sympathetic Nerve RFA system from Shanghai Golden Leaf MedTech Co.Ltd. [25] , Iberis ® (Bioheart) Multi-electrode Ablation Catheter from Shanghai Bioheart Biotechnology Co. Ltd., and the Cryofocus cryoablation system from Cryofocus Medtech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.…”

Advances in Renal Denervation in the Treatment of Hypertension

“…These studies initially demonstrated the safety and feasibility of RNSguided RDN, and suggest that the blunted response of RNS-induced BP elevation after RDN can be used as an acute endpoint to evaluate the efficacy of RDN and predict long-term BP response [41,54]. Several ongoing clinical trials (the SMART study [55] NCT02761811 and SMART OFF-MED study NCT03885843) are using RNS to guide RDN in hypertension treatment, and the results of these studies are pending.…”