Rationalization of In-Situ Synthesized Plasmonic Paper for Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Ocular Fluids

Abstract

Tear glucose is an intriguing biofluid that includes potential biomarkers. While many sensors have emerged nowadays, there is still demand for advanced sensors with nonenzymatic, simple, cost-effective sensing mechanism. Herein, we present a paper-based colorimetric assay by utilizing a gold nanoparticle formation. Experimental characterization substantiated a mechanism in this in situ reduction. Scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectrometry, etc. were involved in the scrutiny. As a result, we reached for the rationale whereas the particle formation can be utilized for a glucose sensing using tears. This paper-based detection was insusceptible to physiological tear matrix, i.e., chloride ion effect, false-positive error and synergistic effect by antioxidants. In addition, we evaluated its analytical performance in an artificial tear assay. Of the obtained a linear regressions, the concentration range corresponded to the physiological or pathologic reference range. In addition, within the low-concentration range, a high correlation was resulted 0.965. Furthermore, we investigated statistical validation by employing the Bland–Altman plot. In the end sections of this paper, we denoted its ready-to-use merits by simplicity—as well as the further application of our plasmonic paper.

Nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensor with a systemic quantification algorithm for noninvasive glucose monitoring

“…Another excellent example of low-cost biosensor fabrication utilizing highly stable nanozymes was established by Kim et al . ( Figure 5 B ) 87 . Their work utilized plasmonic paper-based gold nanoparticle formation (AuNPs) and detected color change.…”

“…( B ) Chromatic characteristic of plasmonic paper with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) formation in the CIE XYZ in 1931 color space. Adapted with permission from 87 Copyright 2020, MDPI. ( C ) Schematic illustration of the ATO-based paper biosensor as peroxidase mimics for colorimetric detection of glucose using smartphone read-out.…”

Colorimetric Determination of Nitrate after Reduction to Nitrite in a Paper-Based Dip Strip

“…These devices can also provide qualitative or quantitative results and data at the point of care without the need for specialized equipment or power sources. Several paper-based devices have been developed for various applications, such as for water analysis [1][2][3][4], biomedical applications [5,6], food analysis [7][8][9][10], soil analysis [11] and many other miscellaneous applications [12][13][14][15]. The field of paper-based microfluidics is expected to continue garnering greater attention as more applications are sought after or the performance improved for the ones already developed [16].…”