Apparently mistaken decisions are ubiquitous. To what extent does this reflect irrationality, as opposed to a rational trade-off between the costs of information acquisition and the expected benefits of learning? We develop a revealed preference test that characterizes all patterns of choice "mistakes" consistent with a general model of optimal costly information acquisition and identify the extent to which information costs can be recovered from choice data.Limits on attention impact choice. Shoppers may buy unnecessarily expensive products due to their failure to notice whether or not sales tax is included in stated prices (Chetty, Looney, and Kroft 2009). Buyers of secondhand cars focus their attention on the leftmost digit of the odometer (Lacetera, Pope, and Sydnor 2012). Purchasers limit their attention to a relatively small number of websites when buying over the Internet (De Los Santos, Hortaçsu, and Wildenbeest 2012).While apparently mistaken decisions are ubiquitous, this does not imply that decision makers are irrational. The standard theory of choice asserts only that individuals act optimally, given what they know. At least since the work of Hayek (1945) and Stigler (1961), there has been a focus on the optimization of knowledge itself, with decision makers trading off the cost of learning against improved decision quality. As the universality of knowledge constraints has been increasingly recognized, so the range of information cost functions used to model them has expanded. Verrecchia (1982) models choice of variance of a normal signal; Sims (2003) an unrestricted choice of information structure with costs based on Shannon entropy; and Reis (2006) the binary choice of whether or not to become fully informed. 1 1 See, for example, van Nieuwerburgh and Veldkamp (2009) and Woodford (2012) for other informational cost functions.