“…N. alpina forests have been overexploited since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in Chile, where most of its range has been converted to agricultural lands. Nowadays, the remaining natural forests are mainly under conservation plans and sustainable management, and the species is included in domestication programmes for productive and restoration purposes, both in Argentina and Chile (Gutierrez, 2003; Ipinza et al, 2000; Marchelli et al, 2021). As could be expected, N. alpina hosts a broad diversity and abundance of herbivorous insects, which feed on its leaves, seeds and stem, which may lead to a reduction in reproductive and photosynthetic rates, affecting the vigour and health of the trees (Carrillo & Cerda, 1987; Gentili & Gentili, 1988; McQuillan, 1993).…”