“…The second category is the completely nonlinear global optimization algorithm, including the global optimization algorithm based on random sampling in the solution space and the random search algorithm based on meta heuristic. The former is represented by Monte Carlo method Sun et al, 2022;Yang & Yuen, 2021), while the latter is represented by particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Ai et al, 2021;Poormirzaee, 2016Poormirzaee, , 2018, cuckoo search algorithm (Poormirzaee & Fister Jr, 2021), genetic algorithm (Qin et al, 2020;Zeng et al, 2011), firefly algorithm (Zhou et al, 2014), artificial neural network (Jian et al, 2011;Yablokov et al, 2021) and simulated annealing (Calderón-Macías & Luke, 2007;Chong et al, 2015;Lu et al, 2016;Pei et al, 2007). The gradient-based liner algorithm is characterized by rigorous derivative derivation, but depends on the selection of initial solution and the calculation of partial derivative matrix.…”