Raynaud’s phenomenon: Epidemiology and risk factors

Fraenkel, Liana

doi:10.1007/s11926-002-0007-z

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…RP as a manifestation of connective tissue disease is frequent and often precedes other symptoms and signs (30,31). The manifestations, severity, and prognosis of secondary RP are very different from those of primary RP and include progression to cutaneous ulcerations and tissue necrosis (30,32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: Implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease

Rajagopalan

Pfenninger

Kehrer

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To compare microvascular and macrovascular functions in a cohort of patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) who were matched for demographic, risk factor, and severity profiles.Methods. Forty patients with primary or secondary RP matched for vascular risk factors and severity scores underwent testing of endothelial function and cold pressor responsiveness of the brachial artery. Microvascular perfusion of the digital vasculature was assessed using laser Doppler fluxmetry in response to reactive hyperemia. Plasma was assayed for endothelin 1 (ET-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1).Results. Patients with RP had abnormal vasoconstrictor responses to cold pressor tests (CPT) that were similar in primary and secondary RP. There were no differences in median flow-mediated and nitroglycerinmediated dilation or CPT of the brachial artery in the 2 populations. Patients with secondary RP were characterized by abnormalities in microvascular responses to reactive hyperemia, with a reduction in area under the curve adjusted for baseline perfusion, but not in time to peak response or peak perfusion ratio. Plasma ET-1, ADMA, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in secondary RP compared with primary RP. There was a significant negative correlation between ET-1 and ADMA values and measures of microvascular perfusion but not macrovascular endothelial function.Conclusion. Secondary RP is characterized by elevations in plasma ET-1 and ADMA levels that may contribute to alterations in cutaneous microvascular function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: Implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease

Rajagopalan

Pfenninger

Kehrer

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…Some authors have argued that epidemiologic studies on risk factors for RP should preferably be performed with men and women analyzed separately, since the pattern of risk factors may differ between the sexes [37]. However, the main purpose of this study was to distinguish between subjects with both RP and CS from those with only RP, rather than highlighting sex differences.…”

Section: Interpretation and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raynaud’s phenomenon in Northern Sweden: a population-based nested case–control study

et al. 2018

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The aim of this study was to determine the association between individual and external exposure factors, and the reporting of Raynaud's phenomenon, with or without concomitant cold sensitivity. In a population-based nested case-control study, cases with Raynaud's phenomenon (N = 578), and matched controls (N = 1156), were asked to respond to a questionnaire focusing on different risk factors. Univariate and multiple conditional logistic regression were performed. Analyses were stratified according to whether the cases reported cold sensitivity or not. In total, 1400 out of 1734 study subjects answered the questionnaire (response rate 80.7%). In the final multiple model, the factor with the strongest association to Raynaud's phenomenon, with and without cold sensitivity, was previous frostbite affecting the hands (OR 12.44; 95% CI 5.84-26.52 and OR 4.01; 95% CI 1.78-9.01, respectively). Upper extremity nerve injury was associated to reporting Raynaud's phenomenon and cold sensitivity (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.29-3.85), but not Raynaud's phenomenon alone. Reporting any exposure to handarm vibration or cumulative cold exposure was significant in univariate analyses for cases with both Raynaud's phenomenon and cold sensitivity, but not in the multiple model. Raynaud's phenomenon is strongly associated to previous cold injury, with a larger effect size among those who also report cold sensitivity. The fact that only upper extremity nerve injury differed significantly between case groups in our multiple model offers additional support to the neural basis for cold sensitivity.

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“…‡Based on a random-effects meta-analysis of the results from various sources, each weighted with the inverse of the variance (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). §Based on a random-effects meta-regression analysis of the results from various sources, each weighted with the inverse of the variance (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) (448). The trials of Holm et al (448) and Wolfe et al (446) both excluded patients with long-segment disease (greater than 6 cm and greater than 10 cm, respectively).…”

Section: Table 19 Indications For Revascularization In Intermittent mentioning

confidence: 99%

ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)

Hirsch

Haskal²,

Hertzer³

et al. 2006

Circulation

2,996

1,111

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Raynaud’s phenomenon: Epidemiology and risk factors

Cited by 59 publications

References 46 publications

Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: Implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease

Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: Implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease

Raynaud’s phenomenon in Northern Sweden: a population-based nested case–control study

ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)

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