The management of the relations between ethnic identity and national identity has long been important, and one of the most challenging government practices in multi-ethnic societies: from multiculturalism and indigenous rights movements in North America, post-Soviet ethnonationalism in Central and Eastern Europe, to indigenista movements in Latin America, and to the ethnic tensions between majority Han and other ethnic minority groups (shaoshu minzu, 1 少数民族) (i.e., Uyghur, Tibetan, Mongolian, etc.) in China (Eriksen, 2001). Indeed, ethnic identity and national identity are not only focal points for thinking about the ways in which people might engage with the government in pursuit of their upward social mobility and group interests but also for producing a critical approach to understanding the asymmetric power relationship and inequality between the dominant and the dominated, and the majority and the minority, within a multi-ethnic state (Verkuyten, 2018). Inquiry into the interplay between ethnic identity, national identity, and social mobility has been particularly important in the contemporary world, given that the social norms and core values of a multi-ethnic state are constantly reproduced by the agendas of international and interregional migration and domestic mobility, which 844093S GOXXX10.