Re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in Botswana

Baipoledi, E.K.; Matlho, George; Letshwenyo, M.; Chimbombi, M; Adom, E. K.; Raborokgwe, M. V.; Hyera, J.M.K.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.08.006

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Following the 2000–2001 FMD outbreaks in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America several publications have described either the response system adopted or strategies which could improve such responses, e.g. Baipoledi et al. (2004), Bates et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the 2000-2001 FMD outbreaks in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America several publications have described either the response system adopted or strategies which could improve such responses, e.g. Baipoledi et al (2004), Bates et al (2003), Breeze (2004), Laddomada (2003), Rivas 1 Homeland is used in this context to refer Europe and other OECD countries et al (2003a,b), Rivas et al (2004Rivas et al ( , 2003b, Wee et al (2004), Woolhouse and Donaldson (2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planning for the Progressive Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Worldwide

Rweyemamu

Roeder

Mackay

et al. 2008

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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In the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the current effort to contain the spread of avian influenza, the progressive world-wide control of FMD must be regarded as a major contribution to the international public good. FMD is the single most animal disease constraint to international trade in animal products. Its control is relevant, on the one hand, to protecting the livestock industries of industrialised countries and, on the other, to the livelihoods and income generation of developing countries, where, as a general rule, FMD continues to be endemic. The strategy that is advocated in this paper is one that is based on progressive risk reduction of FMD in the context of progressive market access of livestock commodities from developing countries. It is suggested that FMD control should be linked to improvement in livelihoods of livestock dependent communities in the FMD endemic settings. It is expected that this in turn will lead to increasing demand for effective national veterinary services and disease surveillance. This strategy has also taken lessons from the global rinderpest eradication programme and regional FMD control programmes in Europe and South America. The strategy that is advocated for the progressive control of FMD in the endemic settings is based on a seven stage process within a horizon of about 30 years, namely: (1) Assessing and defining national FMD status; (2) instituting vaccination and movement control; (3) suppressing virus transmission to achieve absence of clinical disease; (4) achieving freedom from FMD with vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (5) achieving freedom from FMD without vaccination in accordance with the OIE standards; (6) extending FMD free zones; and (7) maintaining FMD Freedom. Concomitant with progressive FMD control, there needs be the encouragement of such risk reduction measures as in-country commodity processing in order to encourage regulated trade in livestock commodities without unduly increasing the risk of disease spread. Finally, the progressive control of FMD should also be seen as part of reducing the overall, world-wide threat of infectious diseases to human health and economic development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning for the Progressive Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Worldwide

Rweyemamu

Roeder

Mackay

et al. 2008

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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“…Period 1965 to 1999: Mid 1960’s was the beginning of independence for most of African countries (Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe). In this period, FMD vaccines were introduced, combined with the erection of veterinary cordon fences by the 1970’s ( Baipoledi et al, 2004 ). These methods showed their success since de mid 1970’s up to the beginning of the XXIth century.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods showed their success since de mid 1970’s up to the beginning of the XXIth century. Indeed, during the last two decades of the XXth century, very few outbreaks were reported ( Bruckner et al, 2002 ; Baipoledi et al, 2004 ; Thomson et al, 2013a ; Jori et al, 2016 ), facilitating the creation of export or free zones with and without vaccination in South Africa ( Bruckner et al, 2002 ), Zimbabwe ( Derah and Mokopasetso, 2005 ), Botswana ( Falconer, 1972 ; Baipoledi et al, 2004 ), and Namibia ( Bishi and Kamwi, 2008 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease SAT2 Viruses at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface of Two Major Transfrontier Conservation Areas in Southern Africa

et al. 2016

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Over a decade ago, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) re-emerged in Southern Africa specifically in beef exporting countries that had successfully maintained disease-free areas in the past. FMD virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 has been responsible for a majority of these outbreaks. Epidemiological studies have revealed the importance of the African buffalo as the major wildlife FMD reservoir in the region. We used phylogeographic analysis to study dynamics of FMD transmission between buffalo and domestic cattle at the interface of the major wildlife protected areas in the region currently encompassing two largest Transfrontier conservation areas: Kavango–Zambezi (KAZA) and Great Limpopo (GL). Results of this study showed restricted local occurrence of each FMDV SAT2 topotypes I, II, and III, with occasional virus migration from KAZA to GL. Origins of outbreaks in livestock are frequently attributed to wild buffalo, but our results suggest that transmission from cattle to buffalo also occurs. We used coalescent Bayesian skyline analysis to study the genetic variation of the virus in cattle and buffalo, and discussed the association of these genetic changes in the virus and relevant epidemiological events that occurred in this area. Our results show that the genetic diversity of FMDV SAT2 has decreased in buffalo and cattle population during the last decade. This study contributes to understand the major dynamics of transmission and genetic variation of FMDV SAT2 in Southern Africa, which will could ultimately help in designing efficient strategies for the control of FMD at a local and regional level.

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“…In southern Africa, the incidence of the disease in livestock has increased appreciably over the last decade, exceeding outbreak frequencies prior to the introduction of vaccines in the late 1970s. This re‐emergence is evident even in countries that had effectively controlled the disease for many years, such as South Africa and Botswana (Baipoledi et al., ; Jori et al., ; Dion et al., ). Despite having what are arguably the most advanced FMD control strategies in the region, both countries have experienced multiple outbreaks since 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Jori

Caron

Thompson

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) inflicts severe economic losses within infected countries and is arguably the most important trade‐restricting livestock disease in the world. In southern Africa, infected African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the major reservoir of the South African Territories (SAT) types of the virus. With the progressive expansion of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), the risk of FMD outbreaks is expected to increase due to a higher probability of buffalo/livestock contacts. To investigate the dynamics of FMD within and around the Great Limpopo TFCA (GLTFCA), 5 herds of buffaloes were sampled in June 2010 to characterize circulating viruses in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Three SAT‐2 and three SAT‐3 viral strains were isolated in both countries, including one that was genetically linked with a recent SAT‐2 outbreak in Mozambique in 2011. In addition, two groups of unvaccinated cattle (n = 192) were serologically monitored for 1 year at the wildlife/livestock interface of Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe between April 2009 and January 2010, using the liquid‐phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) and a test for antibodies directed against non‐structural proteins (NSP). Neither clinical signs nor vaccination of cattle were reported during the study, yet a high proportion of the monitored cattle showed antibody responses against SAT‐3 and SAT‐1. Antibodies against NSP were also detected in 10% of the monitored cattle. The results of this study suggest that cattle grazing in areas adjacent to the GLTFCA can be infected by buffalo or other infected livestock and that cattle trade movements can act as efficient disseminators of FMD viruses to areas several hundred kilometres from the virus source. Current methods of surveillance of FMD at the GLTFCA interface seem insufficient to control for FMD emergence and dissemination and require urgent reassessment and regional coordination.

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Re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in Botswana

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Planning for the Progressive Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Worldwide

Planning for the Progressive Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Worldwide

Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease SAT2 Viruses at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface of Two Major Transfrontier Conservation Areas in Southern Africa

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

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