Re-emergence of Vesicular Stomatitis in the Western United States Is Associated with Distinct Viral Genetic Lineages

Rodrı́guez, Luis L.; Bunch, Thomas A.; Fraire, M.; Llewellyn, Zara N.

doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0289

Cited by 65 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been used successfully as a vector for filovirus vaccines, and antibody frequency against the vector in human subjects is presumed to be low, since it is primarily a veterinary pathogen and rarely causes symptomatic clinical infection in humans. However, the discovery of Chandipura virus as the causative agent of febrile illness and encephalitis in humans (35) as well as documented human VSV exposure coincident with livestock outbreaks in the United States (37) suggest that natural exposure may occur more frequently than has been assumed, but surveys have not been performed to evaluate human seroprevalence. In contrast, extensive sampling has been undertaken to determine the frequency of anti-adenovirus antibodies in human sera (1,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 26 (Ad26) and Ad35 Vaccine Vectors Bypass Immunity to Ad5 and Protect Nonhuman Primates against Ebolavirus Challenge

Geisbert

Bailey

Hensley

et al. 2011

J Virol

187

158

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Replication-defective adenovirus (rAd) vectors are powerful inducers of cellular immune responses and have therefore come to serve as useful vectors for gene-based vaccines, particularly for lentiviruses and filoviruses, as well as other nonviral pathogens (14,34,39,40,43,44,46). Adenovirus-based vaccines have several advantages as human vaccines-they can be produced to high titers under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions and have proven to be safe and immunogenic in humans (2,6,12,16,18). While most of the initial vaccine work was conducted using rAd serotype 5 (rAd5) due to its significant potency in eliciting broad antibody and CD8 ϩ T-cell responses, preexisting immunity to rAd5 in humans may limit efficacy (5-7, 29). This property might restrict the use of rAd5 vectors in clinical applications for many vaccines that are currently in development, including those for Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV).To circumvent the issue of preexisting immunity to rAd5, several alternative vectors are currently under investigation. These include adenoviral vectors derived from rare human serotypes and vectors derived from other animals, such as chimpanzees (1,39,49). Research on the use of animal-derived adenoviral vectors is relatively nascent, while human adenoviruses possess the advantages of having well-characterized biology and tropism on human cells, as well as documented manufacturability (48). Immunogenicity of these vectors and their potential as vaccines has been demonstrated with animal models, primarily as prime-boost combinations with heterologous vectors (1, 41).Adenovirus seroprevalence frequencies are cohort dependent (28), but among the large group of 51 human adenoviruses tested, Ad35 and Ad11 were the most rarely neutralized by sera from six geographic locations (49). rAd35 vector vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic in mice, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and humans and are able to circumvent Ad5 immunity (4,30,31,36,47). rAd35 vectors grow to high titers in cell lines suitable for production of clinical-grade vaccines (13) and have been formulated for injection as well as stable inhalable powder (15). These vectors show efficient transduction of human dendritic cells (8,26) and thus have the capability to mediate high-level antigen delivery and presentation.Prime-boost regimens based on vectors derived from closely related adenovirus serotypes, such as Ad11 and Ad35, both from subgroup B, are less immunogenic than combinations of more genetically and immunologically distinct adenoviral vec-* Corresponding author. Mailing address:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 26 (Ad26) and Ad35 Vaccine Vectors Bypass Immunity to Ad5 and Protect Nonhuman Primates against Ebolavirus Challenge

Geisbert

Bailey

Hensley

et al. 2011

J Virol

187

158

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“…The San Juan isolate of the Indiana serotype of VSV provided the template for all of the cDNA clones of the VSIV genome except the G protein gene, which was derived from either the Orsay (VSIV) (58) or 95COB (VSNJV) isolate. Isolate 95COB was obtained from a bovine during an outbreak of VSNJV in Colorado in 1995 (45). Baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells were used to recover viruses from cDNAs, for single-step growth experiments, and for radioisotopic labeling of viral proteins.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein Is a Determinant of Pathogenesis in Swine, a Natural Host

Martı́nez

Rodrı́guez

Jiménez

et al. 2003

J Virol

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There are two major serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Indiana (VSIV) and New Jersey (VSNJV). We recovered recombinant VSIVs from engineered cDNAs that contained either (i) one copy of the VSIV G gene (VSIV-GI); (ii) two copies of the G gene, one from each serotype (VSIV-GNJGI); or (iii) a single copy of the GNJ gene instead of the GI gene (VSIV-GNJ). The recombinant viruses expressed the appropriate glycoproteins, incorporated them into virions, and were neutralized by antibodies specific for VSIV (VSIV-GI), VSNJV (VSIV-GNJ), or both (VSIV-GNJGI), according to the glycoprotein(s) they expressed. All recombinant viruses grew to similar titers in cell culture. In mice, VSIV-GNJ and VSIV-GNJGI were attenuated. However, in swine, a natural host for VSV, the GNJ glycoprotein-containing viruses caused more severe lesions and replicated to higher titers than the parental virus, VSIV-GI. These observations implicate the glycoprotein as a determinant of VSV virulence in a natural host and emphasize the differences in VSV pathogenesis between mice and swine

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“…All animal inoculations were performed with a VSNJV field strain obtained from tongue epithelium of a bovine naturally infected during the 1995 epidemic in Colorado (95COB). This virus was identified as VSNJV by virus neutralization and sequencing of the complete viral genome [21]. The virus was propagated by passing once in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) infected at 0.01 multiplicity of infection.…”

Section: Animals and Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) infects keratinocytes and is restricted to lesion sites and local lymph nodes in the bovine, a natural host

Scherer

O’Donnell²,

Golde³

et al. 2007

Vet. Res.

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-Inoculation of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) by skin scarification of the coronary-band in cattle, a natural host of VSNJV, resulted in vesicular lesions and 6−8 log 10 TCID 50 increase in skin virus titers over a 72 h period. Virus infection was restricted to the lesion sites and lymph nodes draining those areas but no virus or viral RNA was found in the blood or in 20 other organs and tissues sampled at necropsy. Scarification of flank skin did not result in lesions or a significant increase in viral titer indicating that viral clinical infection is restricted to skin inoculation at sites where lesions naturally occur. Viral antigens co-localized primarily with keratinocytes in the coronary band, suggesting these cells are the primary site of viral replication. Viral antigen also co-localized with few MHC-II positive cells, but no co-localization was observed in cells positive for macrophage markers. Although granulocyte infiltration was observed in lesions, little viral antigen co-localized with these cells. This is the first detailed description of VSNJV tissue distribution and infected cell characterization in a natural host. The pathogenesis model shown herein could be useful for in-vivo tracking of virus infection and local immune responses. vesicular stomatitis / bovine / pathogenesis / confocal microscopy / keratinocytes

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Re-emergence of Vesicular Stomatitis in the Western United States Is Associated with Distinct Viral Genetic Lineages

Cited by 65 publications

References 23 publications

Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 26 (Ad26) and Ad35 Vaccine Vectors Bypass Immunity to Ad5 and Protect Nonhuman Primates against Ebolavirus Challenge

Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 26 (Ad26) and Ad35 Vaccine Vectors Bypass Immunity to Ad5 and Protect Nonhuman Primates against Ebolavirus Challenge

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein Is a Determinant of Pathogenesis in Swine, a Natural Host

Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) infects keratinocytes and is restricted to lesion sites and local lymph nodes in the bovine, a natural host

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