Re-Evaluating the Relevance of the Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation Model in Ischemic Stroke: The Example of Cdk Inhibition

Abstract

Previous research has shown that cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) that play physiological roles in cell cycle regulation become activated in post-mitotic neurons after ischemic stroke, resulting in apoptotic neuronal death. In this article, we report our results using the widely used oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro model of ischemic stroke on primary mouse cortical neurons to investigate whether Cdk7, as part of the Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) complex that activates cell cycle Cdks, might be a regulator of ischemic neuronal death and may potentially constitute a therapeutic target for neuroprotection. We found no evidence of neuroprotection with either pharmacological or genetic invalidation of Cdk7. Despite the well-established idea that apoptosis contributes to cell death in the ischemic penumbra, we also found no evidence of apoptosis in the OGD model. This could explain the absence of neuroprotection following Cdk7 invalidation in this model. Neurons exposed to OGD seem predisposed to die in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner that could not be prevented further downstream. Given the direct exposure of neurons to anoxia or severe hypoxia, it is questionable how relevant OGD is for modeling the ischemic penumbra. Due to remaining uncertainties about cell death after OGD, caution is warranted when using this in vitro model to identify new stroke therapies.

Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Acute Stroke: Recent Advances and Controversies

“…Overall, the research presented in this Special Issue entitled "Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Acute Stroke" underscores the complex nature of strokes and the importance of a multidisciplinary research approach to gain an understanding of stroke pathophysiology [7][8][9][10]. In conclusion, this Special Issue highlights a number of research directions and topics addressed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of acute stroke.…”