Re‐evaluation of celluloses E 460(i), E 460(ii), E 461, E 462, E 463, E 464, E 465, E 466, E 468 and E 469 as food additives

Younes, Maged; Aggett, Peter; Aguilar, Fernando; Crebelli, Riccardo; Domenico, Alessandro Di; Dusemund, Birgit; Filipič, Metka; Frutos, María José; Galtier, Pierre; Gott, David Michael; Gundert‐Remy, Ursula; Kuhnle, Gunter Georg; Lambré, Claude; Leblanc, Jean‐Charles; Lillegaard, Inger Therese L.; Moldéus, Peter; Mortensen, Alicja; Oskarsson, Agneta; Stanković, Ivan; Tobback, Paul; Waalkens‐Berendsen, Ine; Wright, Matthew; Tard, Alexandra; Tasiopoulou, Stavroula; Woutersen, Rudolf Antonius

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5047

Cited by 48 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Short-term and subchronic dietary toxicity evaluation did not reveal adverse effects. Chronic toxicity studies showed NOAEL values up to 9000 mg/kg/day, no carcinogenic properties or adverse effects on reproductive performance were observed [189].…”

Section: Safety and Potential Toxicity Of Cellulose Micro And Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds

et al. 2021

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Poor aqueous solubility of bioactive compounds is becoming a pronounced challenge in the development of bioactive formulations. Numerous liposoluble compounds have very interesting biological activities, but their low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability restrict their applications. To overcome these limitations there is a need to use enabling delivering strategies, which often demand new carrier materials. Cellulose and its micro- and nanostructures are promising carriers with unique features. In this context, this review describes the fast-growing field of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems with a focus on the release of liposoluble bioactive compounds. The state of research on this field is reviewed in this article, which also covers the chemistry, preparation, properties, and applications of micro- and nanocellulose based delivery systems. Although there are promising perspectives for introducing these materials into various fields, aspects of safety and toxicity must be revealed and are discussed in this review. The impact of gastrointestinal conditions on the systems and on the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds are also addressed in this review. This article helps to unveil the whole panorama of micro- and nanocellulose as delivery systems for liposoluble compounds, showing that these represent a great promise in a wide range of applications.

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Section: Safety and Potential Toxicity Of Cellulose Micro And Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 93%

Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds

et al. 2021

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“…The latest evaluation of enzymatically hydrolyzed CMC was conducted in 1998, and an ADI ‘not specified’ was established [ 23 ]. Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food delivered a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of CMC as a food additive [ 24 ]. The Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical ADI and suggested an indicative daily consumption value of 660−900 mg/kg body weight per day.…”

Section: Emulsifiers In Processed Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Emulsifiers and Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of the Gut Microbiota

Siena

Raoul

Costantini

et al. 2022

Foods

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The use of emulsifiers in processed foods and the rapid epidemic development of metabolic syndrome in Western countries over the past 20 years have generated growing interest. Evidence for the role of emulsifiers in metabolic syndrome through gut microbiota has not been clearly established, thus making it challenging for clinical nutritionists and dietitians to make evidence-based associations between the nature and the quantity of emulsifiers and metabolic disorders. This narrative review summarizes the highest quality clinical evidence currently available about the impact of food emulsifiers on gut microbiota composition and functions and the potential development of metabolic syndrome. The state-of-the-art of the different common emulsifiers is performed, highlighting where they are present in daily foods and their roles. Recent findings of in vitro, in vivo, and human studies assessing the effect of different emulsifiers on gut microbiota have been recently published. There is some progress in understanding how some food emulsifiers could contribute to developing metabolic diseases through gut microbiota alterations while others could have prebiotic effects. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding daily consumption amounts and the synergic effects between emulsifiers’ intake and responses by the microbial signatures of each individual.

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“…As food additives, micron and colloidal plant cellulose and their derivatives are approved for human consumption by several regulatory authorities, such as the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA) and the EC (European Commission); they are regularly applied in the food industry to regulate its texture, stability, rheology and organoleptic features [ 8 , 9 ]. In the 1980s, plant nanocellulose was first suggested as a human food additive with enormous potential, as its high aspect ratio could confer new physicochemical properties and behaviors to foods [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking Bacterial Nanocellulose in Animal Tissues by Fluorescence Microscopy

et al. 2022

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The potential of nanomaterials in food technology is nowadays well-established. However, their commercial use requires a careful risk assessment, in particular concerning the fate of nanomaterials in the human body. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a nanofibrillar polysaccharide, has been used as a food product for many years in Asia. However, given its nano-character, several toxicological studies must be performed, according to the European Food Safety Agency’s guidance. Those should especially answer the question of whether nanoparticulate cellulose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This raises the need to develop a screening technique capable of detecting isolated nanosized particles in biological tissues. Herein, the potential of a cellulose-binding module fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP–CBM) to detect single bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) obtained by acid hydrolysis was assessed. Adsorption studies were performed to characterize the interaction of GFP–CBM with BNC and BCNC. Correlative electron light microscopy was used to demonstrate that isolated BCNC may be detected by fluorescence microscopy. The uptake of BCNC by macrophages was also assessed. Finally, an exploratory 21-day repeated-dose study was performed, wherein Wistar rats were fed daily with BNC. The presence of BNC or BCNC throughout the GIT was observed only in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that cellulose particles were not absorbed. While a more comprehensive toxicological study is necessary, these results strengthen the idea that BNC can be considered a safe food additive.

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Re‐evaluation of celluloses E 460(i), E 460(ii), E 461, E 462, E 463, E 464, E 465, E 466, E 468 and E 469 as food additives

Cited by 48 publications

References 154 publications

Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds

Novel Micro- and Nanocellulose-Based Delivery Systems for Liposoluble Compounds

Food Emulsifiers and Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of the Gut Microbiota

Tracking Bacterial Nanocellulose in Animal Tissues by Fluorescence Microscopy

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