Heart failure (HF) is a complex, life-threatening condition characterized by
high mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. Despite studies of
epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapies, the rate of HF hospitalization is
still increasing due to the growing and aging population and an increase in
obesity in relatively younger individuals. It remains a predominant issue in the
public health and the global economic burden. Current research has focused on how
HF affects the entire range of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),
especially the three HF subgroups. This review provides a latest overview of
pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies of these three subgroups (HF
with preserved ejection fraction, HF with reduced ejection fraction, and HF with
mildly reduced ejection fraction). We summarize conventional therapies,
investigate novel strategies, and explore the new technologies such as aortic
thoracic stimulation and interatrial shunting devices.