Re-infection of wildlife populations with rinderpest virus on the periphery of the Somali ecosystem in East Africa

Kock, Richard; Wamwayi, H.; Rossiter, P. B.; Libeau, Geneviève; Wambwa, E.; Okori, J.; Shiferaw, Fekadu; Mlengeya, Titus

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.01.016

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although it is probable that PPR transmits between domestic and wild animals [32,69,70], our results do not support the hypothesis of wildlife as an important risk factor for exposure for domestic animals in an endemic setting. For the closely related rinderpest virus, the well-accepted hypothesis was that infection in wildlife was not self-sustaining, but rather a case of spillover from domestic animals [71,72]. The same hypothesis has been suggested for PPRV [32,73], and our results seem to be in agreement with this.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Torsson

Berg

Misinzo

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Torsson

Berg

Misinzo

et al. 2017

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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“…The Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP) from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), based on the intensive vaccination of susceptible animals, has been ongoing during the last decades. As a result, there has been a significant decrease of reported outbreaks, and there is the potential of a declaration of the total eradication of RPV by 2011 (12,23). What remains to be done now is not only to ensure that the virus is not circulating in animal populations but also to ensure that it does not escape (either deliberately or accidentally) from storage virus repositories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, there is a new scientific challenge following the eradication of RP, which is to maintain large-scale surveillance to avoid the reemergence of the disease within a naïve, nonvaccinated, susceptible population. Several factors point out that RP still can pose a major risk, such as (i) the proven capability of the virus to reappear after long periods of absence, as happened in 1994 and 1996, and in 2001 with RPV lineage 2 in wildlife after a period of 30 years of silence (5,9,12,14,23,25); (ii) the fact that the most recently circulating RPV field isolates had evolved to such mild pathology that they could escape veterinary attention in remote areas (5, 9); and (iii) the difficulties of distinguishing between infected and vaccinated animals by using serological tests, seriously compromising the efforts and achievements of the successful eradication program (www.fao .org). All of these premises lead to a real need for a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool based on clinical observation and in vivo samples instead of necropsy findings that can detect the presence of the virus in the absence of clinical signs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Detection of Rinderpest Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR in Preclinical and Clinical Samples from Experimentally Infected Cattle

et al. 2010

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A highly sensitive detection test for Rinderpest virus (RPV), based on a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR)system, was developed. Five different RPV genomic targets were examined, and one was selected and optimized to detect viral RNA in infected tissue culture fluid with a level of detection ranging from 0.59 to 87.5 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID 50 ) per reaction depending on the viral isolate. The strain sensitivity of the test was validated on 16 RPV strains belonging to all three phylogenetic branches described for RPV. No cross-reactivity was detected with closely related peste des petit ruminants or with symptomatically similar viruses, including all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus, two serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus, bluetongue virus, and bovine herpes virus type 2. In samples from experimentally infected cattle, our real-time RT-PCR test was significantly more sensitive than the gold standard test of virus isolation, allowing the detection of the disease 2 to 4 days prior to the appearance of clinical signs. The comparison of clinical samples with putative diagnostic value from live animals showed that conjunctival swabs and blood buffy coat were the samples of choice for epidemiological surveillance, while lymph nodes performed the best as postmortem specimens. This portable and rapid real-time RT-PCR has the capability of the preclinical detection of RPV and provides differential diagnosis from look-alike diseases of cattle. As RPV is declared globally eradicated, this test provides an important rapid virus detection tool that does not require the use of infectious virus and allows the processing of a large number of samples.

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“…veterinary or medical sciences which somehow engage with social science can also be found in the "social sciences and humanities" group]. The search produced four hits (Catley et al, 2009;Catley et al, 2014;Coffin et al, 2015;Goraya et al, 2013), from a total of 44 hits when the subject area was not limited. A search for "participatory epidemiology" in Google Scholar on 19 January 2016 and a browse through the author lists and abstracts of the first 50 hits produced no additional hits.…”

Section: Recent Engagement Of Pe With the Social Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the small sample made it impossible to identify any significant trends, as seen in Table 1, this brief overview indicated that to date, social science researchers have been involved in PE only to a minor extent. Of the seven publications claiming to engage with social science in some regard (Coffin et al, 2015;Catley et al, 2009;Catley et al, 2012;Goraya et al, 2013;Craddock and Hinchliffe, 2015;Tschakert et al, 2016;Leach and Scoones, 2013), only three have social scientists among their authors (Leach and Scoones, 2013;Tschakert et al, 2016;Craddock and Hinchliffe, 2015), or four if educational researchers are included (Coffin et al, 2015), which could be viewed as being of high relevance for the development of PE. It should be acknowledged that many of the authors of the publications listed above, although not having an academic background in the social sciences, still have documented long-term practical experience of participatory work with animal owners and farmers.…”

Section: Recent Engagement Of Pe With the Social Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where is the Participation in Participatory Epidemiology? How Engagement with Social Science could lead to Improved Understanding and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants

Fischer¹,

Chenais²,

Torsson³

et al. 2016

BJV

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| Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) is a potentially lethal, highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats. Domestic sheep and goats are important species for the livelihoods of poor people in many developing countries. Within societies where PPR is now spreading, poverty is widespread and the disease is expected to have significant negative impacts on livelihoods. In resource-constrained marginalised societies, it is often difficult to collect disease data in conventional ways. Participatory epidemiology (PE) has been suggested as a particularly suitable research method to study epidemiology and social impacts of diseases in these contexts. However, for PE to achieve its full potential, stronger efforts to achieve true participation and to incorporate lessons about participation and power from the social sciences may be required. This review shows that social science engagement in PE to date is virtually non-existent, but that increased efforts to draw lessons from the social sciences and to increase the degree of participation in PE could increase its potential as an important tool in disease impact assessment and control. Particular attention is paid here to the potential role of PE in future research on the epidemiology and control of PPR. P este des Petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important and highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats. It is the fourth most important disease of small ruminants world-wide, based on losses of livestock units (World Bank, 2011). Domestic sheep and goats are important species for poor people in many developing countries, where farming and animal husbandry make a critical contribution to the livelihoods of a significant share of households. In particular, the poorest groups in such smallholder farming societies, who have limited possibilities to invest in larger and higher value animals, depend on sheep and goat rearing (Perry et al., 2002). Thus the spread of PPR could have a particularly negative impact on the poorest and, consequently, controlling PPR can be expected to bring increased livelihood security to many of the rural poor.In the kinds of societies where PPR is now spreading, it is often difficult both to collect data and to implement disease control strategies in conventional ways, due to lack of infrastructure and lack of established systems for, and local experience of, collecting reliable quantitative data. Participatory epidemiology (PE) has been suggested as a particularly suitable methodology for both implementing disease control practices

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Re-infection of wildlife populations with rinderpest virus on the periphery of the Somali ecosystem in East Africa

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania

Specific Detection of Rinderpest Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR in Preclinical and Clinical Samples from Experimentally Infected Cattle

Where is the Participation in Participatory Epidemiology? How Engagement with Social Science could lead to Improved Understanding and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants

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