“…These activities intensified over the course of the political and later military conflict, which silenced public German culture in the United States for several decades. Patriotic efforts, however, did not take universal effect, as names were only changed temporarily (e.g., New Germany, Minnesota), partly (e.g., Hamberg, North Dakota), or not at all (e.g., Bismarck, Missouri), indicating specific contexts of power, ideology, and cultural maintenance (Yeoh 1996;Azaryahu and Golan 2001). They involve various social groups and (inter)relations on the vernacular or official level that foster, avoid, or reverse (re)naming efforts "prompting us to consider the multiple layers and axes of identity and contestation at work in place naming" (Rose-Redwood, Alderman, and Azaryahu 2009, 12).…”