“…Although family participation and collaboration are central concepts within Child Protective Services (CPS) (Gibson, Samuels & Pryce, 2018;Kemp, Marcenko, Hoagwood & Vesneski, 2009;Roose, Mottart, Dejonckheere, Van Nijnatten & de Bie, 2009), promoting family participation in practice continues to be a more complicated endeavour (Arbeiter & Toros, 2017;Healy & Darlington, 2009, Healy, Darlington & Yellowlees, 2012Khan, Miles & Francis, 2018;Lehtme & Toros, 2020;Mirick, 2014;Muench, Diaz & Wright, 2017;Platt, 2012), especially in the context of involuntary worker-client relationships. According to Munro (2011), the quality of the relationship directly impacts on the efficacy of assistance; therefore, child protective workers play an important role in motivating families to engage with CPS.…”