REACH, non-testing approaches and the urgent need for a change in mind set

Schaafsma, G.; Kroese, E. Dinant; Tielemans, Erik; Sandt, J.J.M. van de; Leeuwen, Cornelis van

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.003

Cited by 90 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, national and international regulatory agencies, and the chemical industry, are facing a significant challenge from new chemical legislation that requires risk assessment of thousands of chemicals on the market (Bradbury et al, 2004;Schaafsma et al, 2009). To achieve this objective more efficient risk assessment procedures are needed, i.e.…”

Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…risk assessment should focus more on groups of chemicals and move away from a labor-intensive and animal consuming approach (Bradbury et al, 2004;Schaafsma et al, 2009). A tiered approach is considered with the first tier providing a conservative system of easy-to-use models followed by a more elaborate and precise higher tier assessment when necessary (Bradbury et al, 2004;Schaafsma et al, 2009). There is an urgent need for simple, transparent tools that can be used to assess exposure for a range of chemicals and a range of species, without increasing input parameter requirements.…”

Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an urgent need for simple, transparent tools that can be used to assess exposure for a range of chemicals and a range of species, without increasing input parameter requirements. Additionally, chemical risk assessment should ensure a high level of protection of both humans and the environment, and tools are needed that integrate human and environmental risk assessment as much as possible (e.g., Bridges, 2003;Suter, 2004, Suter et al, 2005Schaafsma et al, 2009) At present, the availability of information on biotransformation rates is and will be a limiting factor for the model. This applies, however to all risk assessment models in this field.…”

Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, there are increasing calls for the integration of ecological and human risk assessment (Bridges, 2003;Suter et al, 2005;Schaafsma et al, 2009). This integration has been proposed as an efficient way to deal with a lack of information but, at present, there are only a few attempts in this direction (e.g., Vermeire et al, 2003;Suter, 2004;Hendriks et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioaccumulation potential of air contaminants: Combining biological allometry, chemical equilibrium and mass-balances to predict accumulation of air pollutants in various mammals

Veltman

McKone

Huijbregts

et al. 2009

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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In the present study we develop and test a uniform model intended for single compartment analysis in the context of human and environmental risk assessment of airborne contaminants. The new aspects of the model are the integration of biological allometry with fugacity-based mass-balance theory to describe exchange of contaminants with air. The developed model is applicable to various mammalian species and a range of chemicals, while requiring few and typically well-known input parameters, such as the adult mass and composition of the species, and the octanol-water and air-water partition coefficient of the chemical.Accumulation of organic chemicals is typically considered to be a function of the chemical affinity for lipid components in tissues. Here, we use a generic description of chemical affinity for neutral and polar lipids and proteins to estimate blood-air partition coefficients (K ba ) and tissue-air partition coefficients (K ta ) for various mammals. This provides a more accurate prediction of blood-air partition coefficients, as proteins make up a large fraction of total blood components.The results show that 75% of the modeled inhalation and exhalation rate constants are within a factor of 2 from independent empirical values for humans, rats and mice, and 87% of the predicted blood-air partition coefficients are within a factor of 5 from empirical data. At steady-state, the bioaccumulation potential of air pollutants is shown to be mainly a function of the tissue-air partition coefficient and the biotransformation capacity of the species and depends weakly on the ventilation rate and the cardiac output of mammals.

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Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Applicability In Human and Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bioaccumulation potential of air contaminants: Combining biological allometry, chemical equilibrium and mass-balances to predict accumulation of air pollutants in various mammals

Veltman

McKone

Huijbregts

et al. 2009

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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“…It has been estimated that fulfilling information requirements defined by REACH -if based on existing animal tests -would increase testing costs by several billions of Euros, depending on the toxicological endpoint and the number of chemicals that need to be tested for a given endpoint (Rovida and Hartung, 2009). The need to fill information gaps for large numbers of chemicals at low cost has stimulated research on developing new and efficient approaches to toxicity testing (Schaafsma et al, 2009;Andersen and Krewski, 2010;Hartung, 2010a).…”

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confidence: 99%

An economic approach to non-animal toxicity testing for skin sensitisation

Leontaridou¹

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Structure–Activity Relationships for Carcinogenic Potential

Venkatapathy

Wang

Martin

et al. 2009

General, Applied and Systems Toxicology

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Two important disadvantages of long‐term animal bioassays are that testing involves substantial amounts of time and money, and that high doses are usually used in the testing process. These disadvantages can be circumvented using (quantitative) structure‐activity relationships ((Q)SARs). In the field of computational toxicology, (Q)SARs are predictive models that provide a quantitative measure of the relationship between the chemical structure and a measure of a given health‐related end point. Such relationships can be expressed in terms of continuous dose‐response data (e.g. carcinogenic potency) based on some type of regression analysis for quantitative end points, or a dichotomous classification (e.g. yes/no‐type answers for carcinogenicity, etc.) based on discriminant analysis or other pattern recognition techniques for qualitative end points. There are a limited number of (Q)SAR models to predict the carcinogenicity of various chemicals, a majority of which relate the carcinogenic potency to measures of carcinogenicity such as mutagenicity, lethal dose (LD 50 ) or the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Other (Q)SAR models relate the carcinogenicity of a chemical to its structure, either in terms of its chemical fragments (groups of one or more atoms that make up the chemical structure) or in terms of its physical and chemical properties. In addition, a variety of commercial and noncommercial software that contain modules to predict the carcinogenicity of chemicals are also available.

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REACH, non-testing approaches and the urgent need for a change in mind set

Cited by 90 publications

References 27 publications

Bioaccumulation potential of air contaminants: Combining biological allometry, chemical equilibrium and mass-balances to predict accumulation of air pollutants in various mammals

Bioaccumulation potential of air contaminants: Combining biological allometry, chemical equilibrium and mass-balances to predict accumulation of air pollutants in various mammals

An economic approach to non-animal toxicity testing for skin sensitisation

Structure–Activity Relationships for Carcinogenic Potential

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