“…Social protection programmes that strive to combat poverty are now widespread around the world (International Labour Organization, 2021). In Africa alone, the number of social protection programmes almost tripled in the first 15 years of the 21 st century (Cirillo and Tebaldi, 2016) to the extent that, today, all African countries operate at least one such programme (Beegle et al, 2018). Many low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) have introduced Public Works Programmes (PWPs) as one such form of social protection programme for fighting poverty and to provide social safety nets in light of different types of income shocks generated by weather (e.g., Ethiopia, India, Malawi, South Africa), rising prices (e.g., Argentina, India, Mexico), and conflict and political instability (e.g., Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone) (Subbarao et al, 2012).…”