Li4Ti5−xPxO12 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) as an anode material was synthesized using a sol-gel method with Ti(C4H9O)4, Li2CO3, and NH4H2PO4, followed by a calcination treatment. The influences of P5+ doping on the crystal structure, phase composition, and morphology of Li4Ti5−xPxO12 were analyzed by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5−xPxO12 were characterized using galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, cyclic voltammetry, and alternating current impedance experiments. The results indicate that when x = 0.2, the Li4Ti4.8P0.2O12 sample exhibits the best initial discharge specific capacity of 132.1 mAh g−1 at first cycle, and the discharge specific capacity remains at 128.3 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles.