“…Likewise, a number of studies in Central Europe have described common carp as clustering together in large groups at the lower-most point of shallow production ponds, where they pass the winter "without movement" (Bauer & Schlott, 2004;Reichle, 1998). On the other hand, active common carp have been recorded over winter in ponds (Kostomarov, 1961; Author's personal observation) and large lakes (Bajer et al, 2011;Johnsen & Hasler, 1977), although such movements have usually been put down to external stressors, such as low oxygen levels (Bauer & Schlott, 2006), human disturbance (Johnsen & Hasler, 1977) or disturbance by fish predators (Adámek, Kortan, Lepič & Andreji, 2003). Species such as common bream Abramis brama (L.), roach Rutilus rutilus (L.), silver bream Blicca bjoerkna (L.) and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) have been frequently observed migrating out of lakes and into connecting rivers or streams in winter (e.g.…”