Reaction of ethanol and formaldehyde: use of versatile cation-exchange resins as catalyst in batch reactors and reactive distillation columns

Chopade, Shubham P.; Sharma, Man Mohan

doi:10.1016/s1381-5148(96)00069-7

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the present work, QH model is used considering Helfferich (1962) concept which considers that catalysis of liquid phase reactions using ion-exchange resins is similar to homogeneous catalysis by dissolved electrolytes. A numerous authors have modelled the heterogeneous kinetic data using QH model [Chopade and Sharma (1997) The QH model fitted the experimental data very well when compared with other heterogeneous rate models (e.g. LHHW and ER models) as the latter gave negative values of adsorption coefficients (Fite et al, 1994;Yin et al, 1995).…”

Section: Kinetic Modellingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Kinetic studies of liquid phase ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) synthesis using macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin catalysts

Umar

Patel

Saha

2009

Chemical Engineering Science

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Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) synthesis from ethanol (EtOH) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was studied with different macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin Page 2 IntroductionThe stringent environmental protection regulation agencies have restricted the usage of lead compounds (e.g., tetra-ethyl lead and tetra-methyl lead) as octane enhancers in most parts of the world. The emphasis was therefore given to alternate sources for increasing octane number as well as the oxygen content of the gasoline fuels. The tertiary ethers like methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) were considered to be the most suitable and preferred sources over alcoholic oxygenates (e.g., methanol, ethanol and tert-butanol) due to their low Blending Reid vapour pressure (BRvp), higher octane number and low solubility in water. Among these ethers, ETBE was considered to be a better option due to its characteristics of higher octane rating (111), low BRvp (27.56 KPa) and reasonably high oxygen contents (15.7 wt %) (Yang et al., 2000).The synthesis of ETBE using iso-butylene (IB) and ethanol (EtOH) as reactants was reported in the literature (Bisowarno and Tade, 2000;Fite et al., 1994; Tade and Tian, 2000). However, recently more emphasis was given to direct synthesis of ETBE using ethanol (EtOH) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in liquid phase.TBA was preferred to IB as the latter was limited to catalytic cracking and it will be difficult for IB to fulfil its future requirements for ethers production. Moreover, TBA is relatively less expensive as it is a major by-product in ARCO process for the production of propylene oxide (Matouq et al., 1993 area and Langmuir surface area measurement, particle size distribution, pore size and pore volume distribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface and inner particle structure, bulk and true density measurement and elemental analysis. ProcedureMeasured quantities of reactants (TBA and EtOH) were fed to the jacketed reaction vessel and the contents were heated to the desired reaction temperature. The catalyst was added to the reaction mixture when the reaction mixture reached the required temperature. This time was noted as zero (i.e. t = 0). Samples were taken at regular intervals until the reaction attained equilibrium (i.e. for about 6.5 hours) and were analysed by gas chromatograph (GC). AnalysisSamples were analysed by Pye Unicam 104 gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with Supelco ® PORAPAK-Q (80/100) column of 1.83 m length and 3.175 x 10 -6 m diameter and thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Helium gas of 99.9% purity was used as the mobile phase at 2.5 Kg/cm 2 pressure and 0.60 cm 3 /s flow rate. The temperature programme was set as hold at 373 K for first five minutes and then ramp of 25 K/min was set and maximum temperature of oven was set at 458 K. Injector and detector temperatures were set isothermal at 458 K. Separation was achieved for all components.Page 5To establish accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of the collect...

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Section: Kinetic Modellingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Kinetic studies of liquid phase ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) synthesis using macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin catalysts

Umar

Patel

Saha

2009

Chemical Engineering Science

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“…Thus, Sharma and Chopade (Chopade & Sharma, 1997a;Chopade & Sharma, 1997b) achieved a maximum of 50% (at 363 K) of conversion reacting formaldehyde with ethylene glycol and less than 50% (at 343 K) reacting ethanol and formaldehyde. Agirre et al (Agirre et al, 2010) studied the reaction between ethanol and butanal and the achieved maximum conversion was also around 50% (at 313 K).…”

Section: Kinetics Of Acetals Formation Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This second step is also an exothermic reaction but it takes place in presence of an acid catalyst. (Agirre et al, 2010;Chopade & Sharma, 1997a) (see Figure 2). Acetalization reactions involving polyalcohols (like glycerol) are also carried out in two reversible steps: the first one where the alcohol reacts with the aldehyde molecule leading to the formation of the corresponding hemiacetal and the second one, where two hydroxyl groups of the hemiacetal join to form the corresponding acetal, releasing a water molecule (Chopade & Sharma, 1997b).…”

Section: Acetals Formation From Alcohols and Aldehydesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all cases thermodynamic limitations seems to be quite important There are really few publications explaining the kinetics of acetalization reactions in the literature. Only Sharma & Chopade and Agirre et al (Agirre et al 2010;Chopade & Sharma, 1997a;Chopade & Sharma, 1997b) have published kinetic information. Thus, they were able to develop a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model that is able to describe the reaction behaviour according to the reaction mechanism explained in Section 2.1.…”

Section: Kinetics Of Acetals Formation Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Reacting ethanol and acetaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst. The main reaction implies the production of 1,1 diethoxy ethane and water (Andrade et al, 1986;Capeletti et al, 2000;Chopade et al, 1997a;Chopade et al, 1997b;Kaufhold & ElChahawi, 1996;Mahajani et al, 1995). The last procedure is the most interesting one as it is quite a simple reaction and both reactants can have a renewable origin.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of relative volatility ranking to the design of reactive distillation

Tung

2007

AIChE Journal

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This work is aimed to provide a systematic design procedure to determine the process configuration, the relative position of the reactive zone, and separation sections. Instead of investigating real chemical systems, ideal chemical reaction systems with different relative volatility rankings will be studied. This provides a gradual transition as the reaction and separation properties change. The reaction considered is a reversible reaction, A þ B , C þ D, and this constitutes a quaternary system with 24 (4!) possible relative volatility arrangements. These 24 systems can further be grouped into six categories according to the ranking of relative volatilities of reactants and products. The likely process configurations will be explored and design will be optimized based on the total annual cost (TAC). The results clearly indicate that the relative volatility rankings play a dominant role in the reactive distillation configuration and the TAC varies by a factor of $7 as we move from the most favorable case (reactants are intermediate keys) to the least favorable relative volatility ranking (products are intermediate keys). Finally, heuristics are given to correlate the relative volatility ranking to the TAC.

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Reaction of ethanol and formaldehyde: use of versatile cation-exchange resins as catalyst in batch reactors and reactive distillation columns

Cited by 44 publications

References 6 publications

Kinetic studies of liquid phase ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) synthesis using macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin catalysts

Kinetic studies of liquid phase ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) synthesis using macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin catalysts

Acetals as Possible Diesel Additives

Effects of relative volatility ranking to the design of reactive distillation

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