“…This effect can be explained by a few reasons: (1) from different ED application fields it is widely known that multivalent ions (heavy metals ions in our case) are more strongly retained in the membrane material and thus thought to be transported more slowly (Van der Bruggen et al, 2004;Pérez et al, 1994;Andrés et al, 1995;Šímová et al, 2010); (2) due to relatively high pH value of solvent (pH > 10) it is quite possible that determined heavy metals are presented as extremely fine particulate matter (e.g. iron hydroxide) or in charged, chelated forms like bulky complexes with MEA (Scheiman, 1962;Dixon and Williams, 1950;Salem, 1995) having a reddish-brown color, which transport is extremely hindered. The latter reason seems to be confirmed by the presence of the deposition of metals derived particles on the membrane surfaces (see Section 3.5).…”