Reaction of microorganisms to the digestive fluid of earthworms

Khomiakov, N V; Kharin, S. A.; Nechitaĭlo, T Iu; Golyshin, Peter N.; Кураков, А. В.; Byzov, B. A.; Звягинцев, Д.Г.

doi:10.1134/s0026261707010079

Cited by 42 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…As noted above, the disruption of large bacteria during gut passage might contribute to the selective occurrence of smaller ingested bacteria in the gut (8, 60, 61, 74,). Fluids that are toxic to certain bacteria are released into the gut lumen of A. caliginosa (10,35). Such toxic fluids might be dependent on the feeding guild and contribute to the differences detected in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

Depkat-Jakob

Hilgarth

Horn

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The earthworm gut is an anoxic nitrous oxide (N 2 O)-emitting microzone in aerated soils. In situ conditions of the gut might stimulate ingested nitrate-reducing soil bacteria linked to this emission. The objective of this study was to determine if dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the alimentary canal were affected by feeding guilds (epigeic [Lumbricus rubellus], anecic [Lumbricus terrestris], and endogeic [Aporrectodea caliginosa]). Genes and gene transcripts of narG (encodes a subunit of nitrate reductase and targets both dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers) and nosZ (encodes a subunit of N 2 O reductase and targets denitrifiers) were detected in guts and soils. Gut-derived sequences were similar to those of cultured and uncultured soil bacteria and to soil-derived sequences obtained in this study. Gut-derived narG sequences and narG terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were affiliated mainly with Gram-positive organisms (Actinobacteria). The majority of gut-and uppermost-soil-derived narG transcripts were affiliated with Mycobacterium (Actinobacteria). In contrast, narG sequences indicative of Gram-negative organisms (Proteobacteria) were dominant in mineral soil. Most nosZ sequences and nosZ TRFs were affiliated with Bradyrhizobium (Alphaproteobacteria) and uncultured soil bacteria. TRF profiles indicated that nosZ transcripts were more affected by earthworm feeding guilds than were nosZ genes, whereas narG transcripts were less affected by earthworm feeding guilds than were narG genes. narG and nosZ transcripts were different and less diverse in the earthworm gut than in mineral soil. The collective results indicate that dissimilatory nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the earthworm gut are soil derived and that ingested narG-and nosZ-containing taxa were not uniformly stimulated in the guts of worms from different feeding guilds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

Depkat-Jakob

Hilgarth

Horn

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Khomakov and collaborators (2007) suggested that the microbicidal agents are formed in the earthworm body, but not in the soil microorganisms entering their digestive tract, because the digestive fluid of the earthworms feeding on soil and sterile sand showed the same microbicidal activity. The effect of rapid elimination of microorganisms in the gut fluid of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa was only revealed in the medium of the anterior and middle division of the digestive tract (Khomyakov et al, 2007). Byzov and collaborators (1998) studied the midgut fluid of the millipede Pachyiulus flavipes and revealed that two types of activities: killing and hydrolytic components is required for an effective digestion of microorganisms in the gut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Activity and immunodetection of lysozyme in earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida)

Fiołka

Zagaja

Hułas-Stasiak

et al. 2012

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…However, the bacterial groups seen most consistently in surveying earthworm gut microbiota often do not represent those found in the diet or experimental bedding, suggesting that some bacteria likely are retained for some time in the gut and then proliferate in response to certain diets (Rudi et al, 2009). It seems that some bacteria are resistant to or can tolerate the antimicrobial activity of digestive fluids derived from the earthworm gut (Khomiakov et al, 2007) and, not surprisingly, the immune system of this species demonstrates both specificity and memory components (Kvell et al, 2007). The earthworm gut likely has the capacity to discriminate among beneficial and harmful microbiota.…”

Section: Ancient Alimentary Canalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-directed support of rich microbial communities in the gut has ancient roots

Dishaw

Cannon

Litman

et al. 2014

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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The animal gut serves as a primary location for the complex host-microbe interplay that is essential for homeostasis and may also reflect the types of ancient selective pressures that spawned the emergence of immunity in metazoans. In this review, we present a phylogenetic survey of gut host-microbe interactions and suggest that host defense systems arose not only to protect tissue directly from pathogenic attack but also to actively support growth of specific communities of mutualists. This functional dichotomy resulted in the evolution of immune systems much more tuned for harmonious existence with microbes than previously thought, existing as dynamic but primarily cooperative entities in the present day. We further present the protochordate Ciona intestinalis as a promising model for studying gut host-bacterial dialogue. The taxonomic position, gut physiology and experimental tractability of Ciona offer unique advantages in dissecting host-microbe interplay and can complement studies in other model systems.

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Reaction of microorganisms to the digestive fluid of earthworms

Cited by 42 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

Effect of Earthworm Feeding Guilds on Ingested Dissimilatory Nitrate Reducers and Denitrifiers in the Alimentary Canal of the Earthworm

Activity and immunodetection of lysozyme in earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida)

Immune-directed support of rich microbial communities in the gut has ancient roots

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