Reaction time slowing in adults with HIV: Results of a meta-analysis using brinley plots

Hardy, David; Hinkin, Charles H.

doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(02)00007-6

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Post-hoc t-tests (paired or two-sample, two-tailed) revealed that the RT of switch-trials was compatible between the two groups (p>0.9), but was significantly higher than that of non-switch trials in both groups (at least p<0.033), suggesting a strong task switch cost in both groups of subjects. In contrast, the HIV-infected subjects were significantly slower than HIV-uninfected controls on non-switch trials (p<0.029), suggesting that HIV-infected subjects might be less efficient to adapt to current task demands than HIV-uninfected controls, as HIV-infected adults usually performed well under a choice task (in the absence of task switch) (Hardy & Hinkin, 2002). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in “cognitively normal” older HIV-infected adults

et al. 2015

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The increased prevalence of HIV among adults >50 years underscores the importance of improving our understanding of mechanisms causing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Identifying novel and non-invasive diagnostic predictors of HAND prior to clinical manifestation is critical to ultimately identifying means of preventing progression to symptomatic HAND. Here using a task-switching paradigm, in which subjects were cued (unpredictably) to perform a face-gender or a word-semantic task on superimposed face and word images, we examined the behavioral and neural profile of impaired cognitive control in older HIV+ adults (N=14, 9 HIV+). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral data were acquired while subjects were performing the face-gender or word-semantic task. We found that, despite comparable performance in standard neuropsychology tests that are designed to probe executive deficits, HIV infected participants were significantly slower than uninfected controls in adapting to change in task demand, and the behavioral impairments can be quantitatively related to difference in fMRI signal at the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Due to the limited sample size of this hypothesis generating study, we should take caution with these findings and future studies with a large and better matched sample size are needed. However, these rather novel findings in this study have a few important implications: first, the prevalence of cognitive impairments in HIV+ older adults might be even higher than previously proposed; secondly, ACC (in particularly its dorsal region) might be one of the key regions underlying cognitive impairments (in particularly executive functions) in HIV; and thirdly, it might be beneficial to adopt paradigms developed and validated in cognitive neuroscience to study HAND, as these techniques might be more sensitive to some aspects of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments than standard neuropsychology tests.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in “cognitively normal” older HIV-infected adults

et al. 2015

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“…A non-exclusive alternative explanation is a failure to inhibit irrelevant information (Harsher et al 1999). Interestingly, the same interpretative framework has been proposed in HAND (Hardy and Hinkin 2002). In addition, psychomotor slowing has been shown to be predictive of further deterioration (Sacktor et al 1996).…”

Section: Neuropsychologymentioning

confidence: 70%

Neurodegeneration and Ageing in the HAART Era

Brew

Crowe

Landay

et al. 2008

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

190

151

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Cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration still occur despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). While there are many potential reasons for this, there is increasing evidence that such impairment occurs in the absence of a clear cause. Furthermore, there are data that some neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's or an Alzheimer-like illness, are becoming more common in the context of HAART-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. This review will critically examine the evidence underpinning these observations. Potential mechanisms will be discussed with particular emphasis on the effect of ageing and how it overlaps with the effects of HIV disease itself thereby leading to neurodegeneration. The nature of this overlap will then be explored for its potential role in the facilitated expression and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, there will be a brief discussion of interventions to minimize such neurodegeneration including optimization of HAART for brain entry.

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“…A Several studies have shown that individuals with HIV, as a group, exhibit poorer cognitive performance than their age-matched HIV-negative counterparts (Ettenhofer et al, 2010; Hardy & Hinkin, 2002; Hardy & Vance, 2009). The affected cognitive domains include psychomotor abilities, attention, speed of processing, executive functioning, and memory, all of which reflect dysfunction of frontal-subcortical brain circuitry (Lojek & Bornstein, 2005; Murji et al, 2003; Navia, Jordan, & Price, 1986; Reger, Welsh, Razani, Martin, & Boone, 2002; van Gorp et al, 1993).…”

Section: Hiv and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cognitive declines mirror the declines seen in normal aging (Craik & Salthouse, 2000) and are particularly relevant as these abilities underlie performance of many necessary everyday activities, such as medication management and driving (Hinkin et al, 2004; Marcotte et al, 2004). The hallmark cognitive impairment is a general slowing in performing cognitive tasks, with those with HIV performing poorer on cognitive tests that include a speeded/timed component (Hardy & Hinkin 2002; Reger et al). While speed of processing deficits (either frank or subclinical) may be a common symptom of cognitive sequelae in HIV that may be detected on neuropsychological tests, when individuals with HIV are queried about subjective cognitive complaints, many typically report memory problems, as these are more noticeable in interfering with daily functioning (Vance et al, in press; Wilson & Moffat, 1984).…”

Section: Hiv and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synergistic Effects of HIV, Diabetes, and Aging on Cognition

Vance

Fazeli

Dodson

et al. 2014

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing

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In addition to the obvious health problems and/or physical limitations associated with HIV, diabetes, and aging, each of these are known to independently affect cognitive functioning. While this relationship to cognition does not necessarily mean frank cognitive impairments are inevitable with HIV, diabetes, and aging, it does entail that each of these conditions may lead to poorer cognitive performance compared to younger adults and individuals without HIV and diabetes. Many individuals may be aware of the physical symptoms associated with these diseases, but may be unaware of the cognitive outcomes associated with HIV and diabetes, especially if not controlled by medication and a healthy lifestyle. Additionally, individuals may be unaware of the significance of maintaining optimal cognitive functioning in order to maintain optimal everyday functioning abilities such as driving, cooking, managing medication regimens, and negotiating finances. Given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has allowed individuals with HIV to live to reach older adulthood, and that dysglycemia and/or type 2 diabetes can be a metabolic side effect of these medications (Biron et al., 2012; Norbiato, 2012; Raper, 2010), it is reasonable to assume that there is a subset of individuals aging with HIV and diabetes, which may become more prevalent as individuals continue to age with HIV in the coming decades. Thus, the purpose of this article is to inform healthcare providers and researchers about the cognitive outcomes associated with HIV, diabetes, and aging independently within the context of cognitive reserve, and then to examine the potential synergistic effects of these conditions in individuals living with all three (Figure 1). This article also incorporates potential intervention strategies to protect and possibly improve cognitive functioning, or at the very least mitigate cognitive loss, in this population.

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Reaction time slowing in adults with HIV: Results of a meta-analysis using brinley plots

Cited by 23 publications

References 41 publications

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in “cognitively normal” older HIV-infected adults

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in “cognitively normal” older HIV-infected adults

Neurodegeneration and Ageing in the HAART Era

The Synergistic Effects of HIV, Diabetes, and Aging on Cognition

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