Reactions between basalt and CO2-rich seawater at 250 and 350 °C, 500 bars: Implications for the CO2 sequestration into the modern oceanic crust and the composition of hydrothermal vent fluid in the CO2-rich early ocean

Shibuya, Takazo; Yoshizaki, Masanori; Yoshio, Masaki; Suzuki, Katsuhiko; Takai, Ken; Russell, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.08.044

Cited by 61 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…We performed hydrothermal experiments based on the methodology and apparatus employed in previous studies [41][42][43] . The starting mineral powder and solution were introduced into a flexible gold reaction cell, pressurized to 400 bar with a steel alloy autoclave 41 . The pressure condition corresponds to that of Enceladus' rocky core (,150 km below the water-rock interface).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus

Hsu

Postberg

Sekine

et al. 2015

Nature

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434

410

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Detection of sodium-salt-rich ice grains emitted from the plume of the Saturnian moon Enceladus suggests that the grains formed as frozen droplets from a liquid water reservoir that is, or has been, in contact with rock. Gravitational field measurements suggest a regional south polar subsurface ocean of about 10 kilometres thickness located beneath an ice crust 30 to 40 kilometres thick. These findings imply rock-water interactions in regions surrounding the core of Enceladus. The resulting chemical 'footprints' are expected to be preserved in the liquid and subsequently transported upwards to the near-surface plume sources, where they eventually would be ejected and could be measured by a spacecraft. Here we report an analysis of silicon-rich, nanometre-sized dust particles (so-called stream particles) that stand out from the water-ice-dominated objects characteristic of Saturn. We interpret these grains as nanometre-sized SiO2 (silica) particles, initially embedded in icy grains emitted from Enceladus' subsurface waters and released by sputter erosion in Saturn's E ring. The composition and the limited size range (2 to 8 nanometres in radius) of stream particles indicate ongoing high-temperature (>90 °C) hydrothermal reactions associated with global-scale geothermal activity that quickly transports hydrothermal products from the ocean floor at a depth of at least 40 kilometres up to the plume of Enceladus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus

Hsu

Postberg

Sekine

et al. 2015

Nature

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434

410

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“…For example, thermodynamic calculations indicated that fluid pH at 150°C is potentially buffered to be 7.7 and 7.6 even after reactions with the Hadean weakly acidic, CO 2 -rich seawater (total CO 2 = 200 mmol/kg) and with the present-day seawater (total CO 2 = 2 mmol/kg), respectively (Macleod et al 1994). Such behavior of pH at low-moderate temperatures is also distinct from hightemperature fluids (> 300°C) where pH values are influenced by an input of magmatic volatiles (e.g., Butterfield et al 2003) and the presence or absence of carbonate minerals (Shibuya et al 2010(Shibuya et al , 2013b. Accordingly, it is suggested that the content of fixed CO 2 as carbonate in the uppermost subseafloor crust qualitatively reflects total CO 2 concentration in seawater under a constant pressure-temperature condition.…”

Section: Secular Change Of Carbonate Content In the Altered Subseaflomentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Accordingly, it is suggested that the content of fixed CO 2 as carbonate in the uppermost subseafloor crust qualitatively reflects total CO 2 concentration in seawater under a constant pressure-temperature condition. On the other hand, it was pointed out that high-temperature bottom seawater elevates temperature of subseafloor fluids and kinetically facilitates the formation reactions of carbonate minerals in the uppermost crust (Gillis and Coogan 2011), although carbonate minerals in altered mafic rocks become unstable with increasing temperature under equilibrium condition (e.g., Shibuya et al 2013b). In this section, therefore, we discuss the secular change of total CO 2 concentration, pH, temperature, and partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) in seawater based on the CO 2 content in the subseafloor uppermost crust (< 1 km deep from the seafloor) through geologic time.…”

Section: Secular Change Of Carbonate Content In the Altered Subseaflomentioning

confidence: 99%

Weak hydrothermal carbonation of the Ongeluk volcanics: evidence for low CO2 concentrations in seawater and atmosphere during the Paleoproterozoic global glaciation

Shibuya

Komiya

Takai

et al. 2017

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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It was previously revealed that the total CO 2 concentration in seawater decreased during the Late Archean. In this paper, to assess the secular change of total CO 2 concentration in seawater, we focused on the Paleoproterozoic era when the Earth experienced its first recorded global glaciation. The 2.4 Ga Ongeluk Formation outcrops in the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. The formation consists mainly of submarine volcanic rocks that have erupted during the global glaciation. The undeformed lavas are mostly carbonate-free but contain rare disseminated calcites. The carbon isotope ratio of the disseminated calcite (δ 13 C cc vs. VPDB) ranges from − 31.9 to − 13.2 ‰. The relatively low δ 13 C cc values clearly indicate that the carbonation was partially contributed by 13 C-depleted CO 2 derived from decomposition of organic matter beneath the seafloor. The absence of δ 13 C cc higher than − 13.2‰ is consistent with the exceptionally 13 C-depleted CO 2 in the Ongeluk seawater during glaciation. The results suggest that carbonation occurred during subseafloor hydrothermal circulation just after the eruption of the lavas. Previously, it was reported that the carbonate content in the uppermost subseafloor crust decreased from 3.2 to 2.6 Ga, indicating a decrease in total CO 2 concentration in seawater during that time. However, the average CO 2 (as carbonate) content in the Ongeluk lavas (< 0.001 wt%) is much lower than those of 2.6 Ga representatives and even of modern equivalents. This finding suggests that the total CO 2 concentration in seawater further decreased during the period between 2.6 and 2.4 Ga. Thus, the very low content of carbonate in the Ongeluk lavas is probable evidence for the extremely low CO 2 concentration in seawater during the global glaciation. Considering that the carbonate content of the subseafloor crusts also shows a good correlation with independently estimated atmospheric pCO 2 levels through the Earth history, it seem highly likely that the low carbonate content in the Ongeluk lavas reflects the low atmospheric pCO 2 at that time. We conclude that the continuous decrease in CO 2 concentration of seawater/atm. from 3.2 Ga was one of the contributing factors to the Paleoproterozoic global glaciation.

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“…Another advantage of the Dickson-type apparatus is that the metal autoclave is isolated from corrosive high-salinity reaction water. These features have allowed researchers to make considerable progress in understanding deep-sea hydrothermal systems (e.g., Berndt et al 1996;Seyfried et al 1998Seyfried et al , 2007McCollom and Seewald 2001, 2003a, b, 2007Yoshizaki et al 2009;Shibuya et al 2013). Because the reaction cell of the initial system was made of Teflon (Dickson et al 1963), the experiment could only be performed at temperatures of less than 285 C, too cold to reproduce high-temperature hydrothermal reactions.…”

Section: Batch-type Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Abundant hydrogen was produced by the reaction of the komatiite with artificial seawater at 350 C and 50 MPa (Yoshizaki et al 2009). We also conducted water-rock reaction experiments in the presence of CO 2 in a Dickson-type system (Shibuya et al 2013). The reaction solution was a mixture of NaHCO 3 , NaCl, 36 % HCl, and pure water.…”

Section: Batch-type Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Hydrothermal and Frictional Experimental Systems to Simulate Sub-seafloor Water–Rock–Microbe Interactions

Suzuki

Kato

Shibuya

et al. 2014

Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems

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Since the discovery in 1977 of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, they have been shown to host unique but diverse biological communities, despite the dark, barren ocean-floor settings in which they exist. Recent research has indicated that the production by fault systems of abundant reducing agents such as hydrogen possibly sustains the microbial communities in these chemoautotrophic ecosystems. High-pressure and high-temperature hydrothermal experiments, and friction experiments, have resulted in the development of important new experimental apparatuses. A batch-type (closed) experimental system that creates

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Reactions between basalt and CO2-rich seawater at 250 and 350 °C, 500 bars: Implications for the CO2 sequestration into the modern oceanic crust and the composition of hydrothermal vent fluid in the CO2-rich early ocean

Cited by 61 publications

References 92 publications

Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus

Ongoing hydrothermal activities within Enceladus

Weak hydrothermal carbonation of the Ongeluk volcanics: evidence for low CO2 concentrations in seawater and atmosphere during the Paleoproterozoic global glaciation

Development of Hydrothermal and Frictional Experimental Systems to Simulate Sub-seafloor Water–Rock–Microbe Interactions

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