“…Various well-developed methods, including non-aqueous titration (Ciaccio et al, 1957), gravimetry (Nnaji et al, 2017), colorimetry (Lalka et al, 2010), spectrophotometry (Hayat et al, 2017), liquid chromatography (Park et al, 2016), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Lin et al, 2010;Xie et al, 2016) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Wang et al, 2017), have been reported for the measurement of piperazine and its salt residues. Nevertheless, traditional methods face many operational challenges; the processes are often quite cumbersome and time-consuming, or the detection is susceptible to substantial interference from impurities.…”