Satisfied and affectively committed clients are likely to refer their service providers to other consumers. Some devoted clients, however, seldom or never offer word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendations. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and structural equation modeling, we found that negative attitudes toward giving referrals and perceptions of limited control over referral-giving were associated with reduced referral intentions for satisfied and affectively committed clients. The theoretical implications are that a firm's ability to manage WOM depends not just upon clients' attitude toward the David J. Hagenbuch is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Messiah College,