Reactivation of basement faults beneath volcanoes: a new model of flank collapse

Vidal, Nathalie; Merle, Olivier

doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00194-8

Cited by 74 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…4B; Melekestsev et al, 1974). This large sector collapse was likely triggered by reactivation of basement faults as in analogue modeling by Vidal and Merle (2000). The resulting crater is unusually wide and no traces of significant eruptive activity related to this event have been found.…”

Section: Volcanoes Of the Central Kamchatka Depressionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Orientation of collapse craters does not support their relation to these systems and rather seems controlled by local faults. Only three collapsed volcanoes, Bakening, Komarov and Gamchen, which are associated with dip-slip faults (Kozhurin, 2004), might have depended on fault activity (as in Lagmay et al, 2000;Vidal and Merle, 2000); their collapse scars are oriented accordingly (Figs. 1, 8 and 10)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sector collapses and large landslides on Late Pleistocene–Holocene volcanoes in Kamchatka, Russia

Пономарева

Мелекесцев

Dirksen

2006

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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On Kamchatka, detailed geologic and geomorphologic mapping of young volcanic terrains and observations on historical eruptions reveal that landslides of various scales, from small (0.001 km 3 ) to catastrophic (up to 20-30 km 3 ), are widespread. Moreover, these processes are among the most effective and most rapid geomorphic agents. Of 30 recently active Kamchatka volcanoes, at least 18 have experienced sector collapses, some of them repetitively. The largest sector collapses identified so far on Kamchatka volcanoes, with volumes of 20-30 km 3 of resulting debris-avalanche deposits, occurred at Shiveluch and Avachinsky volcanoes in the Late Pleistocene. During the last 10,000 yr the most voluminous sector collapses have occurred on extinct Kamen' (4-6 km 3 ) and active Kambalny (5-10 km 3 ) volcanoes. The largest number of repetitive debris avalanches (> 10 during just the Holocene) has occurred at Shiveluch volcano. Landslides from the volcanoes cut by ring-faults of the large collapse calderas were ubiquitous. Large failures have happened on both mafic and silicic volcanoes, mostly related to volcanic activity. Orientation of collapse craters is controlled by local tectonic stress fields rather than regional fault systems.Specific features of some debris avalanche deposits are toreva blocks -huge almost intact fragments of volcanic edifices involved in the failure; some have been erroneously mapped as individual volcanoes. One of the largest toreva blocks is Mt. Monastyr' -a ∼ 2 km 3 piece of Avachinsky Somma involved in a major sector collapse 30-40 ka BP.Long-term forecast of sector collapses on Kliuchevskoi, Koriaksky, Young Cone of Avachinsky and some other volcanoes highlights the importance of closer studies of their structure and stability.

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Section: Volcanoes Of the Central Kamchatka Depressionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sector collapses and large landslides on Late Pleistocene–Holocene volcanoes in Kamchatka, Russia

Пономарева

Мелекесцев

Dirksen

2006

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Secondly, if a caldera fault crosses a volcanic edifice, the structural instability that is induced can lead to large-scale landslides. Intersection of volcanic cones by tectonic faults was investigated experimentally by Vidal and Merle (2000). In their experiments, instability of the volcanic edifice was induced by formation of faults in the volcano's substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the vertical displacement in these experiments that produced an analogue landslide would be unrealistically large (~400 m) for pure tectonic motions (cf. Vidal and Merle 2000). The authors suggested that such a large displacement necessary to generate failure could be accumulated over a long period of time (many thousands of years) as a result of multiple small displacements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-scale failures on domes and stratocones situated on caldera ring faults: sand-box modeling of natural examples from Kamchatka, Russia

2004

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Edifices of stratocones and domes are often situated eccentrically above shallow silicic magma reservoirs. Evacuation of such reservoirs forms collapse calderas commonly surrounded by remnants of one or several volcanic cones that appear variously affected and destabilized. We studied morphologies of six calderas in Kamchatka, Russia, with diameters of 4 to 12 km. Edifices affected by caldera subsidence have residual heights of 250-800 m, and typical amphitheater-like depressions opening toward the calderas. The amphitheaters closely resemble horseshoe-shaped craters formed by large-scale flank failures of volcanoes with development of debris avalanches. Where caldera boundaries intersect such cones, the caldera margins have notable outward embayments. We therefore hypothesize that in the process of caldera formation, these eccentrically situated edifices were partly displaced and destabilized, causing largescale landslides. The landslide masses are then transformed into debris avalanches and emplaced inside the developing caldera basins. To test this hypothesis, we carried out sand-box analogue experiments, in which caldera formation (modeled by evacuation of a rubber balloon) was simulated. The deformation of volcanic cones was studied by placing sand-cones in the vicinity of the expected "caldera" rim. At the initial stage of the modeled subsidence, the propagating ring fault of the caldera bifurcates within the affected cone into two faults, the outermost of which is notably curved outward off the caldera center. The two faults dissect the cone into three parts: (1) a stable outer part, (2) a highly unstable and subsiding intracaldera part, and (3) a subsiding graben structure between parts (1) and (2). Further progression of the caldera subsidence is likely to cause failure of parts (2) and (3) with failed material sliding into the caldera basin and with formation of an amphitheater-like depression oriented toward the developing caldera. The mass of material which is liable to slide into the caldera basin, and the shape of the resulted amphitheater are a function of the relative position of the caldera ring fault and the base of the cone. A cone situated mostly outside the ring fault is affected to a minor degree by caldera subsidence and collapses with formation of a narrow amphitheater deeply incised into the cone, having a small opening angle. Accordingly, the caldera exhibits a prominent outward embayment. By contrast, collapse of a cone initially situated mostly inside the caldera results in a broad amphitheater with a large opening angle, i.e. the embayment of the caldera rim is negligible. The relationships between the relative position of an edifice above the caldera fault and the opening angle of the formed amphitheater are similar for the modeled and the natural cases of caldera/cone interactions. Thus, our experiments support the hypothesis that volcanic edifices affected by caldera subsidence can experience large-scale failures with formation of indicative amphitheaters oriented toward ...

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“…Day et al (1999) described the well developed topographic San Andrés fault scarp on the flank of the steep-side NE rift of El Hierro, and related it to an aborted giant collapse; Vidal and Merle (2000) used a model to prove that the reactivation of a vertical fault in volcanic cones generates normal faults and an upturning of the layers that induces a flank collapse. In Hawaii, the Hilina slump has been recognized as an active landside that breaks the mobile southeast flank of Kilauea volcano and is headed on land by a system of seaward facing normal faults (Morgan et al, 2003).…”

Section: South Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and structural analysis in the Anaga offshore massif, Canary Islands: fractures and debris avalanches relationships

Llanes¹,

Muñoz²,

Muñoz-Martı́n³

et al.

Geophysics of the Canary Islands

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As part of the 'National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Research Plan for the Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone', multibeam bathymetry and seismic reflection profiles were obtained in the Canary Islands aboard the R/V Hespérides. The submarine flanks of the Anaga offshore extension of Tenerife Island are here studied to analyze its geomorphology. In the north sector of the Anaga submarine massif, the extension of the Anaga Debris Avalanche has been mapped for the first time, and a volume of 36 km 3 was calculated. The relationship between the Anaga and Orotava Debris Avalanches is also described. Faulting has been recognized as a key process for the occurrence of debris avalanches and the growth of volcanic lineaments. Moreover, faulting affects previous structures and the channelling of debris flows. Structural analysis shows the typical radial pattern of an oceanic island. In addition, a NE-SW dominant direction of faulting was obtained, consistent with the Tenerife Island structural trend seen in the Anaga Massif and Cordillera Dorsal. NW-SE and E-W are two other main trends seen in the area. Special interest is manifest in two long faults: 'Santa Cruz Fault' bounds the southern edge of Anaga offshore Massif with a length of 50 km and a direction that changes from NE-SW to almost E-W. The Güimar Debris Avalanche was probably channeled by this fault. The 'Guayotá Fault' was recognized in several seismic profiles with a N-S direction that changes towards NW-SE at its southern end. This fault affects the more recent sediments with a vertical offset of 25-30 m, along 60 km. It has been interpreted as a transpressive strike-slip fault.

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Reactivation of basement faults beneath volcanoes: a new model of flank collapse

Cited by 74 publications

References 14 publications

Sector collapses and large landslides on Late Pleistocene–Holocene volcanoes in Kamchatka, Russia

Sector collapses and large landslides on Late Pleistocene–Holocene volcanoes in Kamchatka, Russia

Large-scale failures on domes and stratocones situated on caldera ring faults: sand-box modeling of natural examples from Kamchatka, Russia

Morphological and structural analysis in the Anaga offshore massif, Canary Islands: fractures and debris avalanches relationships

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