Reactivation of<i>Snail</i>Genes in Renal Fibrosis and Carcinomas: A Process of Reversed Embryogenesis?

Boutet, Agnès; Esteban, Miguel A.; Maxwell, Patrick H.; Nieto, M. Ángela

doi:10.4161/cc.6.6.4022

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The gene Snail could be upregulated in metastatic cells, and activated by a number of pathways, including HIF‐1, Notch and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). Meanwhile, Snail regulates the transcription and expression of E‐cadherin, and further promote Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell invasion 47. During the tumor metastasis, nutrients and oxygen are mainly supported by the generation of blood vessels.…”

Section: The Mechanism Of Brain Metastasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging findings into molecular mechanism of brain metastasis

Chen

2018

Cancer Medicine

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Brain metastasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Hence, the need to develop improved therapies to prevent and treat metastasis to the brain is becoming urgent. Recent studies in this area are bringing about some advanced progress on brain metastasis. It was concluded that the occurrence and poor prognosis of brain metastasis have been mostly attributed to the exclusion of anticancer drugs from the brain by the blood‐brain barrier. And several highly potent new generation targeted drugs with enhanced CNS distribution have been developed constantly. However, the noted “seed and soil” hypothesis also suggests that the outcome of metastasis depends on the relationship between unique tumor cells and the specific organ microenvironment. Moreover, increasing studies in multiple tumor types demonstrated that brain metastasis has great molecular differences between primary tumors and extracranial metastasis to a large extent. Here, the authors summarized the most common malignancies that could lead to brain metastasis—lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma and their related mutated factors. Only by comprehending a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms, more effective brain‐specific therapies will be developed for brain metastasis.

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Section: The Mechanism Of Brain Metastasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging findings into molecular mechanism of brain metastasis

Chen

2018

Cancer Medicine

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“…areas of tumors generated in the skin of mice (Cano et al, 2000;Fig. 1C), in undifferentiated breast tumors and in other carcinomas from different etiologies (see for instance Rosivatz et al, 2002;Saito et al, 2004;Miyoshi et al, 2005;Kuphal et al, 2005;Franci et al, 2006;Boutet et al, 2007). Thus, Snail is now regarded as a marker of tumor malignancy and a target of anti-invasive drugs.…”

Section: The Emt In Tumor Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in development and disease: old views and new perspectives

Nieto¹

2009

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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211

157

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The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fascinating phenotypic change that is undertaken by embryonic and adult cells in physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. This change in cell behavior involves the loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of migratory properties. While it has long been established as a fundamental process in the generation of many different embryonic tissues, its significance during tumor progression as an initial determining step in the metastatic cascade has remained a matter of debate. Recent molecular analyses coupled with state-of-the-art imaging technology have helped to define the EMT as an important landmark, not only during tumor progression, but also during the development of other pathologies such as organ fibrosis. Spanish groups have contributed to the analysis of EMT both from the developmental and the pathological point of view, in particular assessing the implication of the Snail genes in this process. Interestingly, the contribution of Spanish scientists to the existence of EMT in tumors possibly goes back more than 100 years, when Cajal referred to some "pear-like cells, not attached to each other" in his description of human breast carcinomas.

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“…[58,59] During EMT, a variety of transcription factors are upregulated in metastatic cells, such as Snail, Slug, Twist and Zeb ½. [60] Snail can be activated by a number of pathways, including hypoxia, HIF-1, HIF-2, Notch, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), a pro-apoptotic factor. Snail up-regulates AKT phosphorylation and Bcl-X l, countering the induction of apoptosis, [61] and down-regulates cyclin D2, inhibiting cell cycle progression.…”

Section: Emt Cell Invasion and Motilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in brain tumor metastasis

Crespo¹,

Kind²,

Arcaro³

2016

JCMT

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The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathway is involved in a variety of cellular functions and often contributes to oncogenesis and cancer progression. It has been recognized that this pathway is frequently activated in the most common central nervous system cancers of adults and children, malignant gliomas and medulloblastomas (MB). In these tumors, the PAM network controls key functions necessary for cell invasion and metastasis, such as cell motility. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of PAM signaling in cell invasion and metastasis in gliomas and MB. Current approaches to inhibit cell invasion and metastasis by targeting the PAM pathway will also be discussed.

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Reactivation ofSnailGenes in Renal Fibrosis and Carcinomas: A Process of Reversed Embryogenesis?

Cited by 45 publications

References 36 publications

Emerging findings into molecular mechanism of brain metastasis

Emerging findings into molecular mechanism of brain metastasis

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in development and disease: old views and new perspectives

The role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in brain tumor metastasis

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