“…This is consistent with the finding of reduced switch costs induced by extensive practice in task-switching literature [e.g., Berryhill and Hughes, 2009;Karbach and Kray, 2009;Strobach et al, 2012], which was interpreted as suggesting the optimization of related control process [Strobach et al, 2014]. In the language switching literature, RTs of switch trials are usually longer than RTs of non-switch trials, referred to as the switch costs [Calabria et al, 2012;Christoffels et al, 2007;Costa and Santesteban, 2004;Costa et al, 2006;Declerck et al, 2015;Ma et al, 2016;Meuter and Allport, 1999;Verhoef et al, 2009]. According to the Inhibitory Control Model (IC Model) [Green, 1998], in the switch condition, the target language in the current trial was inhibited previously, thus efforts were required to relieve the inhibition, leading to the switch costs.…”