Reactive flash sintering of the complex oxide Li0.5La0.5TiO3 starting from an amorphous precursor powder

Predicting transformations during reactive flash sintering in CuO and Mn2O3

“…3 , an amorphous precursor powder to form Li 0.5 La 0.5 TiO 3 , and NaNbO 3 + KNbO 3 Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 . [4][5][6]8,9 Additionally, this work demonstrates the reduction of CuO to form Cu 2 O during stage II. Systems that transform during stage III include Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 → Al 2 TiO 5 and our previous work on the reduction of Mn 2 O 3 → Mn 3 O 4 .…”

“…Additionally, the sample temperature has been calculated using the black body radiation (BBR) model. 1,5,6,[11][12][13] The BBR model has been found to agree well with other methods of determining the sample temperature (such as monitoring Pt peaks during in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments), but the accuracy is dependent on selecting the appropriate emissivity value. 13,14 Other limitations of the BBR model are discussed in the Results and discussion section.…”

“…Additionally, rapid synthesis at low furnace temperatures reduces the loss of volatile precursors and allows for the synthesis of materials that are difficult to produce conventionally (high temperatures, long hold times). [4][5][6] The most common approach to reactive flash sintering is to combine oxide precursors and flash them. Our previous work demonstrated that reactive flash sintering can also be applied in reduction reactions.…”

“…As with densification, the transformation can occur in a matter of seconds. Additionally, rapid synthesis at low furnace temperatures reduces the loss of volatile precursors and allows for the synthesis of materials that are difficult to produce conventionally (high temperatures, long hold times) 4‐6 . The most common approach to reactive flash sintering is to combine oxide precursors and flash them.…”

“…In reactive flash sintering, the transformation can occur in any of the three stages, depending on the system 3 . Materials that are demonstrated to transform during stage II include Bi 2 O 3 + Fe 2 O 3 → BiFeO 3 , 8YSZ + MgO +α‐Al 2 O 3 → MgAl 2 O 4 , Li 2 O + ZrO 2 + La 2 O 3 + Al 2 O 3 → Li 5.95 Al 0.35 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , an amorphous precursor powder to form Li 0.5 La 0.5 TiO 3 , and NaNbO 3 + KNbO 3 Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 4‐6,8,9 . Additionally, this work demonstrates the reduction of CuO to form Cu 2 O during stage II.…”